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rf m 64 b page 1 of 75 rf m64b is m t r ans c ei ve r mo dul e v 1 . 1 general description the RFM64B is a l o w cost tra n sceiv e r module operating in the 433mhz freq u e n cy bands . the RFM64B is o ptimized for very l o w p o w e r co n s u m ption (3ma in r e ce iv er mo d e). it inc o rp o rat e s a baseb a nd m o dem with da t a rat e s u p to 150 kb/s. da t a handl i ng fe at ures i n cl ud e a sixty - four byte fifo, packet ha n dl i ng, aut o mat i c crc ge n eration a nd da t a whiten i ng. all major rf com m un i cat i on par a meters a re p ro g ram m able a n d m o st of them m ay be dynamically s et. it c o mplies with european ( e tsi en 30 0 - 2 20 v2.1.1) a n d north amer ic an( f cc p a rt15.247 a nd 1 5.249) re g ul a tory stand a r d s. note features ? low rx pow e r co n s u mpti o n: 3ma ? low tx p o w e r co n s u mpti o n: 25 ma @ +10 dbm ? good recept i on se n s itivity: down to - 1 0 4 dbm at 25 kb / s in fsk, - 110 dbm at 2kb/s in o ok ? programm a b l e rf o utput power: u p to +1 2 dbm in 8 ste p s ? packet h a nd l ing f eat u re with data w h itening a nd automatic crc ge n erati o n ? rssi (r e c ei v ed signal strength ind i ca t or) ? bit rates up to 150 kb/s, nrz coding ? on - module freq u ency synt h es i zer ? fsk and o o k modulation ? in c oming s y nc word recognition ? built - in bit - synchron i z e r for i n com i ng data a n d cl o ck synchr o nizati o n and recov e ry ? module s ize : 19.7 x16 mm ? optimiz e d circuit con f igurati o n for low - c o s t appl i c atio n s applications ? wire l ess al ar m and s e c u ri t y systems ? wire l e s s s e n s or n e t w or k s ? automated m eter r e adi n g ? home a nd b u ilding auto mat ion ? industr i al m o nitoring a nd control ? remote wi r e l e s s c o ntrol ? a c tive rfid phy RFM64B in order to better use RFM64B modules, this specification also involves a large number of the parameters and functions of its core chip rf6 4 's, including those ic pins which are not leaded out. all of these can h elp customers gain a better understan ding of the performance of RFM64B modules, and enhance the application skills. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 2 of 75 rf m 64 b table of contents 1. gen e ral desc r iption ................................................................... 5 1.1. simplified block diagra m ........... ....................................... 5 1.2. pin diagram ....................................................................... 6 1.3. pin descriptio n ...................................................................7 2. electrical characteristic s ..... .......................................................8 2.1. esd notice ........................................................................ 8 2.2. absolute m a ximum ratings ............................................... . 8 2.3. op e rating r ange ...... ......................................................... 8 2.4. module specification .......... ............................ .................... . 8 2.4.1. p o w e r c o nsumption ................................................. . . 8 2.4.2. f r equen c y s y nthesi s .... ............................................. 9 2.4.3. t r ansmitter .............................................................. . .. 9 2.4.4. receiver ................................................................. . . 10 2.4.5. digital specifica t ion ..... ...................................... . ...... 11 3. architecture d escription .......................................................... . . 12 3.1. p o w er s u pply strat eg y .................................................... . 12 3.2. fr e quen c y s y nthesis descri ption .................................... . 13 3.2.1. reference o scillato r ................................................ 13 3.2.2. cl k out output ...................................................... . 13 3.2.3. pll archi t ectur e ........................... ........................... 14 3.2.4. pll t rad e off s .......................................................... 14 3.2.5. voltage c ontrolled oscillato r ................................... 15 3.2.6. pll loop filter ............................................. ........ . ... 16 3.2.7. pll lock detection indicator .................................. 16 3.2.8. f r equen c y calculation ............................................ 16 3.3. tr a nsmitter description ................................................... 18 3.3.1 . architectu r e description ......................................... . . 18 3.3.2. bit rate s etting ....................................................... 19 3.3.3. alternative settings ................................................. 19 3.3.4. fdev sett i n g in fsk mode ...................................... 19 3.3.5. fdev sett i ng in ook mode ..................................... 19 3.3.6. inte r polation filter ................................................... 20 3.3.7. p o w e r a m plifier ..................... .............................. . .... 20 3.3.8. common i nput and output fron t - end ................... . .. 22 3.4. receiver d e scriptio n ........................................................ 23 3.4.1. architectu r e ............................................. ................ 23 3.4.2. lna and fi rst mixer ................................................ 24 3.4.3. if gain a n d second i/q m i xe r ................................. 24 3.4.4. cha n nel filters ........................................................ 24 3. 4.5. cha n nel filters setting in fsk mode ...................... . 25 3.4.6. cha n nel filters setting in ook mode ..................... . 26 3.4.7. rssi ........................................................................ 26 3.4.8. fdev sett i ng in receive mode ................................ 28 3.4.9. fsk de mo dulato r .................................................... 28 3.4.10. ook de modulato r ................................................. 28 3.4.11. bit s y nc h ronizer .................................... .............. . .. 31 3.4.12. alternati v e settings ............................................... 32 3.4.13. data ou t put ......................................................... . .. 32 4. op e rating m o des..................................................... ................. 33 4.1. modes of o p eration ....................................................... . .. 33 4.2. digital pin configuration vs. chip mode ...................... . .... 33 5. data processin g ....................................................... ................ 34 5.1. overvi e w .......................................................................... 34 5.1.1. block diagram ........................................................ . . 34 5.1.2. data op er ation modes .................................. ......... . . 34 5.2. cont r ol block description .............................................. . .. 35 5.2.1. spi inter fac e ........................................................... 35 5.2.2. f i fo ............................................................. ......... . .. 38 5.2.3. s y nc wo r d recognitio n ........................................... 39 5.2.4. packet h a ndle r ........................................................ 40 5.2.5. con t ro l ..................................................................... .40 5.3. continuous mode .............................................................41 5.3.1. g e neral d escription .................................................41 5.3.2. t x proce s sing ..........................................................41 5.3.3. r x proce s sing ........................................................ . ..42 5.3.4. inte r rupt s i gnals mapping ...................................... . ..42 5.3.5. uc c onn e ction s ........................................................43 5.3.6. continuo u s mode example .................................... . ..43 5.4. buffered m o de ..................................................................44 5.4.1. g e neral d escription .................................................44 5.4.2. t x proce s sing ................. .........................................44 5.4.3. r x proce s sing ........................................................ . ..45 5.4.4. inte r rupt s i gnals mapping ...................................... . ..46 5.4.5. uc c onn e ction s ............................... .........................47 5.4.6. buffer e d m ode exampl e ...........................................47 5.5. packet mod e .....................................................................49 5.5.1. g e neral d escription ....................................... ..........49 5.5.2. packet fo r mat ..........................................................49 5.5.3. t x proce s sing ..........................................................51 5.5.4. r x proce s sing ....................................................... . .. .51 5.5.5. packet filtering ........................................................52 5.5.6. d c - f r ee d ata mechanism s ......................................53 5.5.7. inte r rupt s i gnal mapping ...................................... . ....54 5.5.8. uc c onn e ction s ........................................................55 5.5.9. packet mode example .............................................56 5.5.10. addition a l information ............................................56 6. configuration and status registers ..... .....................................58 6.1. ge n eral de s c ription ....................................................... . ...58 6.2. main confi g uration register - mcpara m ..........................58 6.3. inte r rupt c o nfiguration par a meters - i r qpa r am ....... .... . .. . .60 6.4. receiver c o nfiguration pa ra meters - rxp a r a m ............ . ... . 62 6.5. s y nc word parameters - s y ncpara m .............................63 6.6. tr a n s m i tter parameters - t x param .................................64 6.7. o scillator parameters - o sc p aram .................................64 6.8. packet han d ling parameters C pktparam .................. . ....65 7. application information .............................................................66 7.1. c r y st al res o nator specification ................. ......................66 7.2. sof t w a r e for frequ e n c y calc u lation .................................66 7.2.1. gui ...........................................................................66 7.2.2. .dll for au t omatic production bench ....................... . ..66 7.3. s w itching times and proce d ures ................................... . ..66 7.3.1. o p timized receive c y cle .........................................67 7.3.2. o p timized transmit c y cle ........................................68 7.3.3. t r ansmitter fr e q uen c y hop optimized c y cle ..........69 7.3.4. receiver f requen c y hop optimized c y cle ..............70 7.3.5. r x => tx an d tx => r x j ump c y cl es ............................71 7.4. reset of the chip ............................................................. . . 72 7.4.1. por .........................................................................72 7.4.2. manual r e set ......................................................... . ..72 7.5. refe r ence d esign ........................................................... . . .73 7.5.1. application schematic ............................................ . ..73 8. packaging information ............................................................ . .7 4 9. ordering information 75 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 3 of 75 rf m 64 b index of figures figure 1: rfm64 b simplified block diagram ............................. .... .. 5 figure 2: RFM64B pin diagram ...................................................... 6 figure 3: RFM64B detailed block diagram ........................... ..... .. . 12 figure 4: p o wer supp l y bre akd o w n ............................................. 13 figure 5: freq ue ncy s y nt h esizer description .............................. . 14 figure 6: l o g e nerator ................................................................ 14 figure 7: l o op f i lter ......... ............................................................ 16 figure 8: trans m itter architecture ............................................... 18 figure 9: i (t), q( t ) overvi e w ......................................................... 18 figure 10: pa c o ntro l ................................................................... 21 figure 11: opti m al load impeda n ce chart ................................. . . 21 figure 12: rec o mmended pa biasing and outp u t matching ..... 22 figure 13: fro n t - end description .... ............................................. 22 figure 14: receiver architecture ................................................. 23 figure 15: fsk receiver setting ................................................. 23 figure 16: ook receiver setting .... ............................................ 23 figure 17: active channel filter d escriptio n ................................ 24 figure 18: bu t te r w o rth filter's actual bw .................................... 26 figure 19: po l y p hase filter's actual bw ...... ................................ 26 figure 20: rssi d y namic ran g e ................................................. 27 figure 21: rssi i rq timings ...................................................... 28 figure 22: ook demodulator d e scription ............ ...................... . . 29 figure 23: floor thr e shold optimizatio n ...................................... 30 figure 24: bit s y n c descriptio n ..................................................... 31 figure 25: RFM64B ?s data processing conceptual view ........ .... . . . 34 figure 26: spi i n terface ov e rview and uc c o nnec ti ons ............. 35 figure 27: w rite register seque n ce ......................................... . ... 36 figure 28: read register seque n c e ............................................ 37 figure 29: w rite b y tes sequence (ex: 2 b y t es) ........................... 37 figure 30: read b y tes sequence (ex: 2 b y t es) ........................... 38 figure 31: fi f o and shift register (sr ) ...................................... 38 figure 32: fi f o threshold i r q s o urce behavio r ........................ 39 figure 33: s y nc word recogniti o n ...............................................40 figure 34: conti n uous mode con c eptual vie w .............................41 figure 35: tx p r ocessing in continuous mode ............. ................41 figure 36: rx p r ocessing in continuous mod e .............................42 figure 37: u c c o nnections in continuous mode ..........................43 figure 38: bu f fe r ed mode conce p tual view .................................44 figure 39: tx pr oc essing in buffered mode ( fi f o s i ze = 16, tx_st a rt_irq_0= 0 ) ............................. ............................... ..45 figure 40: rx p r ocessing in buff e red mode (f i fo size=16, fifo_fill_method=0 ) ............................ ..................... .......... .46 figure 41: u c c o nnections in buffered mode .............................. . .47 figure 42: pack e t mode concept u al view ................................... . .49 figure 43: fixed length packet f orma t ........................................50 figur e 44: v a ria b le length packet format .................................. . .51 figure 45: crc i mplementation ...................................................53 figure 46: m anchester encoding / decoding ................................ . ..54 figure 47: data whi tening .......................................................... . ..54 figure 48: u c c o nnections in packet mode .................................55 figure 49: optim i zed rx c y cle .....................................................67 figure 50: optim i zed t x c y cl e ......................................................68 figure 51: tx h o p c y cle ...............................................................69 figure 52: rx h o p c y cle ...............................................................70 figure 53: r x => tx => r x c y cl e ............... ............................... ....71 figure 54: p o r timing diagra m ...................................................72 figure 55: m an u al reset timing diagram ....................................72 figure 56: applicatio n schematic ................ ..................... ......... . ..73 figure57:packaging dimensions 74 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 4 of 75 rf m 64 b index of tables table 1: ord e ring information ........................................... . ............. 1 table 2: RFM64B pinouts ........... ................................. .... ................ .7 table 3: absolu t e maximum rat i ngs ............................................. 8 table 4: operat i ng rang e .............................................................. 8 table 5: p o w e r consumption s p ecification .......................... . ......... 8 table 6: f reque n cy s y nthesizer s pecification ........................... . .... 9 table 7: t ransmitter specification ................................................. 9 table 8: receiver specification....... ............................................. 10 table 9: digital specificatio n ........................................................ 11 table 10: mcp ar am_fr e q_band setting ..................................... 15 table 11: pa rise/fall times............ ........................................... 20 table 12: ope r a t ing modes ......................................................... 33 table 13: pin c o nfiguration vs. module mode ...... ...................... 33 table 14: da t a operation mode s election ...... .......................... . ... 35 table 15: c o nfig vs. data spi interface selection ...................... . . 36 table 16: status of fi f o w h e n s w itching be t w e e n different modes of the ch i p ............................................................. 39 tab le 17: int e rr u pt mapping in c o ntinuous rx mo d e .................. 42 table 18: int e rr u pt mapping in c o ntinuous tx m od e .................. . . 42 acronyms table 19: relev a nt configuration registers in con t inuous mode (data p r ocessing related on l y) ....... .....................................43 table 20: int e rr u pt mapping in b u ffered r x and s tb y modes ...... . .46 table 21: int e rr u pt mapping in t x buffered mo d e ........................46 table 22: relev a nt configuration registers in buffered mode (data proces sing related on l y ) .....................................................47 table 23: int e rr u pt mapping in rx and st b y in pa c k et mod e ........55 table 24: int e rr u pt mapping in t x packet mode ........................ . ...55 table 25: relev a nt configuration reg isters in packet mode (data processing related on l y ) .....................................................56 table 26: r e gisters list ................................................................58 table 27: mcp ar am register de s c ription ................ ....................58 table 28: i r qp a ram register de scriptio n ....................................60 table 29: rxp ar am register de s c ription .................................. . ...62 table 30: s y n c param register description ............................ . ....6 3 table 31: txp ar am register de s c ription .....................................64 table 32: osc p aram register d escription ................................ . ..64 table 33: pktp a ram register de scription ............................... . ....65 table 34: cr y s tal resonator spec i fication ................................. . ...66 table 35: re f er e nce design bom ............................................. . ...74 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 5 of 75 rf m 64 b this p r o d u c t datasheet c o ntains a deta i led d e scripti o n of the RFM64B p e rfor m a n c e a nd fu n c tionality. 1. general description the RFM64B i s a s fsk and o ok transcei v er module capab l e of operation in t he 433 mhz lic e nse free ism frequ e ncy b a nds. it co m pl i es with both the relevant eur o p ean a n d north am e rican stan d ards, en 30 0 - 2 2 0 v2.1.1 (j u ne 2 0 06 rele a s e) a nd fcc p a rt 15 (10 - 1 - 2 006 edition). a u nique feat u re of this circu i t is its extremely low curr e nt co n s u mption in r e ceiver mo d e of only 3ma (typ). 1.1. simplified block diagram figure 1: RFM64B si m plified block dia g ram t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 6 of 75 rf m 64 b 1.2. pin diagram the follow i ng diagr a m s ho ws the p i ns a rr a nge m ent o f the p a ckage, top view. figure 2: RFM64B pin di a gram t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 7 of 75 rf m 64 b 1.3. pin description table 2: RFM64B pinou t s number n a me t y p e d e sc r iption d e s c ri p ti o n s t an d a l o n e mo d e 1 por i/o por. do not connect if unused 2 nss_config i spi config enable 3 nss_data i spi data enable 4 miso o spi data output 5 mosi i spi data input 6 sck i spi clock input 7 clkout o clock output 8 3.3v i supply voltage 9 gnd i exposed ground pad 10 gnd i exposed ground pad 11 ana i/o rf input/output 12 gnd i exposed ground pad 13 data i/o nrz data input and output (continuous mode) 14 pll_lock o pll lock detection output 15 irq_1 o interrupt output 16 irq_0 o interrupt output t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 8 of 75 rf m 64 b s y mbol description condi t ions min t y p max unit iddsl sup pl y c u rrent in sl e ep mode - 0.1 2 a iddst sup pl y c u rrent in stan db y mode, clko u t disab l ed c r y st a l osci l la t or run n ing - 65 85 a iddfs sup pl y c u rrent in fs mode f requ e n c y s y n thesizer run n ing - 1.3 1.7 ma iddr sup pl y c u rrent in rec e iver mode - 3.0 3.5 ma iddt sup pl y c u rrent in transmitter mode output p o w e r = + 10 dbm output p o w e r = 1dbm (1) - - 25 16 30 21 ma ma 2. electrical c haracteristics 2.1. esd notice the RFM64B i s a high p erf o rma n c e radio frequ e ncy d e vice. it satisfies: ? cl a ss 2 of the jedec sta n dard jesd 22 - a11 4 - b (h u man body model). ? cl as s iii of th e j ed ec standa rd j esd22 - c1 01 c (c h a rg e d de vi c e mo d el ) o n al l pi ns . i t s h o u l d th u s b e h a n dl ed wit h all the nec es sary es d precau ti on s to avoid any pe rm anen t d am age. 2.2. absolute maximum ratings stress e s a b ov e the valu e s l i sted b el o w may c a use p e rma n ent device failure. expos u re to a b solute maxim u m ratin g s for extend e d per i o d s ma y affect device reliabi l ity. table 3: absolute maxi mu m ratings s y mbol description min max unit vddmr sup pl y v o lt a g e - 0.3 3.7 v t mr storage tem pe rature - 55 125 c pmr input lev e l - 0 dbm 2.3. operating range table 4: op er ating r a nge s y mbol descript ion min max unit vdd o p sup pl y v olt a ge 2.1 3.6 v t rop t e mperature - 20 + 70 c ml input le v el - 0 dbm 2.4. module specification co n ditio n s : temp = 25 c, vdd = 3.3 v , unl e ss ot h erw i s e sp e c if i ed . 2.4.1. po w er consumption table 5: power c o nsu m ption spe cif i c at i on (1) guarante e d by desi g n a nd c h ar a c t e r i zation t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 9 of 75 rf m 64 b s y mbol description condi t ions min t y p max unit rfop rf output p o w e r, prog r amma b le w i t h 8 steps of typ. 3db maximum p o w er setting - +12 - dbm minimum p o w e r setti ng - - 8 - dbm pn phase n o i s e measu r ed w ith a 600 khz offset, at the t r ansmitter output. - - 112 - dbc/hz spt t ransmitted spuri o us at a n y offset b e t w ee n 200 khz a nd 6 00 khz, unm o du l ated c a rrier, f dev = 50 khz. - - - 47 dbc t s _ t r (1) t rans mitter w a ke - up time from fs to t x rea d y. - 120 500 s t s _ t r2 (1) t ransmitter w a ke - up time from st b y to tx re ad y . - 600 900 s 2.4.2. frequency s y nthesis table 6: fre q ue n cy syn t h e sizer sp e c ification s y mbol description condi t ions min t y p max unit fr frequ e n c y r a n ges 433mhz module 43 2 43 6 mhz br_f bit rate (fsk) nrz 0.78 - 150 kb/s br_o bit rate (ook) nrz 0.78 - 32 kb/s f d a frequen c y de v iati o n (fsk) 33 50 200 khz x t al c r y st a l osci l la t or frequ e n c y for all module 12.8 mhz f s t ep f requ e n c y s y n thesizer step vari a ble, d ep e nd i ng o n the frequ e n c y . - 2 - khz t s_osc oscillator w a k e - up time from sleep m od e (1) - 1.5 5 ms t s _ fs f requ e n c y s y n thesizer w a ke - up time at most 10 khz a w a y f r om the target f rom st b y m o de - 500 800 s t s _ hop frequ e n c y s y n thesizer h op time at most 10 khz a w ay from the target 200 khz step - 180 - s 1 mhz step - 200 - s 5 mhz step - 250 - s 7 mhz step - 260 - s 12 mhz step - 290 - s 20 mhz step - 320 - s 27 mhz step - 340 - s (1) guar a nte e d by desi g n a nd c h ar a c t e r i zation 2.4.3. transmit ter table 7: tr a ns m itter specification (1) guar a nte e d by desi g n a nd c h ar a c t e r i zation t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 10 of 75 rf m 64 b s y mbol description condi t ions min t y p max unit rfs_f sensiti v i t y (fsk) 434 mhz, br = 25 kb/s, fdev = 50 khz, fc = 100 khz - - 104 - dbm - - - - - - - - - rfs_o sensiti v i t y (ook) 434 mhz, 2kb / s nrz fc - fo = 50 khz, fo = 50 khz - - 110 - dbm - - - - - - - - - ccr co - c h an n el re j e ction mod u lati o n as w a nt e d si g nal - - 12 - dbc acr adja c ent ch an nel reject i on offset = 300 khz - - - db offset = 600 khz - 42 - db offset = 1.2 m hz - 53 - db bi block i ng imm u ni t y offset = 1 mh z , unm o du l ated - 53 - dbc offset = 2 mh z , unm o du l ated, no saw - - - offset = 10 mhz, unm o du l ated, n o saw - - - rxbw_ f (1,2) recei v er b a n d w i dth i n fsk mode single side bw pol y phase off 50 - 250 khz rxbw_ o (1,2) recei v er b a n d w i dth i n ook mode single side bw po l y p hase on 50 - 400 khz iip3 rd input 3 order i ntercept po i nt interferers at 1mhz and 1.950 mhz off s et - - 28 - dbm t s _ re (1) recei v er w a ke - up time from fs to rx rea d y - 280 500 s t s _ re2 (1) recei v er w a ke - up time f rom st b y to r x re ad y - 600 900 s t s_re_hop recei v er h o p time from rx ready to rx ready w ith a frequ e n c y h o p 200 khz step - 400 - s 1mhz step - 400 - s 5mhz step - 460 - s 7mhz step - 480 - s 12mhz step - 520 - s 20mhz step - 550 - s 27mhz step - 600 - s t s_rssi rssi sampl i ng time from rx re ad y - - 1/fdev s dr_rssi rssi d y namic ra n ge ra n g i n g from sensitivi t y - 70 - db 2.4.4. receiver on the fol l ow i ng table, f c a nd fo d escr ib e the b an d w i dth of the a c t i ve ch a nnel filters as d e scr i bed in secti o n 3.4.4. 2 . all sensiti vities are m ea s ured r e ceiving a pn15 seq u en c e, for a ber of 0.1.% table 8: r e ceiv e r sp e c ification (1) information from des i gn and charact e rization (2) this reflects the whole re c eiver ba nd width, as d escri b ed in se ct i ons 3.4.4.1 and 3.4.4.2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 11 of 75 rf m 64 b 2.4.5. digital specification conditions: temp = 25 c, vdd = 3.3 v , u nless otherwise s p ecified. table 9: digi t al specification s y mbol description condi t ions min t y p max unit vih digit a l i n put le v el h i gh 0.8*v d d - - v vil digit a l i n put le v e l l o w - - 0.2*vdd v voh digit a l out p u t level h igh imax=1ma 0.9*v d d - - v vol digit a l out p u t level l o w imax = - 1ma - - 0.1*v d d v sck_config spi config. cl o ck frequen c y - - 6 mhz sck_da t a spi data clock frequ e n c y - - 1 mhz t _da t a da t a hold and setup time 2 - - s t _mosi_c mosi setup time for spi config. 250 - - ns t _mosi_d mosi setup time for spi data. 312 - - ns t _ nssc_l nss_config l o w to sck ris i ng e d ge. sck fall i ng e d ge to nss_c o nfig high. 500 - - ns t _ nssd_l nss_da t a low to sck rising edge. sck fall i ng e d ge to nss_d a t a high. 625 - - ns t _ nssc_h nss_config rising to fa l li n g ed g e. 500 - - ns t _nssd_h nss_da t a rising to fal l i n g e d ge. 625 - - ns t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 12 of 75 rf m 64 b i w a v e f o r m l o 2 t x g e n er a t o r q p a i l o 1 t x q i l o 2 t x q r s s i o o k d e m od bi t s y n c l n a c o n tr ol l o 2 r x f s k d e m o d l o 1 r x l o 1 r x i l o 2 r x q x o fr e q ue n c y s y nt h e s i z e r l o g e ne r at o r i l o 1 tx q i l o 2 tx q vr_1v vr_ d i g v c o_p v c o_m v r _ v c o lf_m lf_p 3. architecture description this s e ction descr i b e s in depth the architect u re of this ultra l o w - p ow e r tra n sce i ver: v r _ p a rfio x t a l _p x t a l _ m irq_0 irq_1 m o s i m i s o sck n s s _ c onf ig n s s _ d a ta c l k o ut d a ta te s t pll _ lo c k figure 3: RFM64B detailed block dia g r a m 3.1. power supply strategy to provi d e stable s e nsiti v ity and line a rity charact e ristics over a wide supply range, the RFM64B is i nternally regu l ated. th i s inter n al r eg ulated p o w e r su p ply str u cture is d escri b ed bel o w: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 13 of 75 rf m 64 b r e g _dig 1.0 v bi as ing digit a l blo c ks vbat 1?f y5v vdd 2.1 C 3.6v e x ternal supply re g _top 1.4 v biasing : - spi - c o nfig. registe r s - por re g _ v c o 0.85 v biasi n g : - vco ci r c uit - ex t . v co tank bias i ng a na l o g b lo c ks reg_pa 1. 8 0 v biasing : - pa driver - pa choke (ex t ) 2 20nf 10 0 nf x7r x7r 1?f y5v 47nf x7r figure 4: power s u pp l y bre a kd o wn to ensure correct op e rat i on of the regulator cir c u i t, the deco u pling c a p a citor c o nn e cti o n sh o wn in figure 4 is requ i r e d. th e s e d e c o upli n g com p on e nts are r e com m end e d for any desi g n. 3.2. frequen c y s y nthesis description the fr e qu e ncy synthes i z e r of the RFM64B is a fully in t egra te d inte g er - n type p l l. the pll c i rcuit re q uir e s only five external co m pon e n ts for t h e pll loop filter and the v co ta n k c i rc u it. 3.2.1. reference oscillator the RFM64B embe d s a crystal o scil l at o r, wh i c h p rov i des the ref e rence fr e qu en c y for the p l l. the r e co m mend e d cr y s tal sp e c if i c ation i s giv e n in s e ction 7.1. 3.2.2. clkout out put the refer e nce freq u e n cy, or a su b - m ultiple of it, can be p rov i ded on cl k out by activati n g the bit oscp a ram _ clkout_ o n. the div i sion ratio i s pr ogr a mmed thro u gh bits oscp a ra m _c l k out_freq. the t wo appl i c atio n s o f the clkout output are: ? to p rov ide a cl o c k out p ut for a com p an i on u c, th u s saving the cost of an additi o nal os cillator. cl k out c a n b e made avail ab le in any operation mode, ex cept s l eep mode, and i s automatically enab l ed at p o wer - u p. ? to provide an oscillator referen c e output. measur ement of the clkout s i gnal enables simple software trimming of the initial crystal tolerance. note: to m in imize the c u rrent co n s u m ption of the RFM64B , e n sure that the clk o ut si g nal is dis a b l ed when un u sed. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 14 of 75 rf m 64 b 7 5. (p + 1 )+ s i i lo p f d ( r + 1) x o i vtu n e fc o m p 3.2.3. pll architecture the crystal oscillator ( x o) for m s the refer e nce o scil l ator of a n integer - n phase l o ck e d loop (pl l ), wh o s e operation is disc u s sed in the following s e ction. figure 5 sh o ws a block sch em atic of the RFM64B pll. here the cr y s tal refer e nce fre q ue n cy an d t h e so f tware control l ed divid e rs r, p and s de t ermi n e the o utput fre q ue n cy of the pll. x t _m x t _p lf_m l f _p vc o _m vc o_ p vr _ vco figure 5: fr e que n cy synt h es i zer d e scr i ption the vco ta n k ind u ctors a re c o nn e cted on an external diffe r ent i al input. similarly, the loop filter is also located externally. howev e r, th e r e is an i nternal 8pf cap a cit a nce at v co i nput that s ho uld b e sub t r a cted f rom t h e d e sir e d loop filter c ap acita n c e. the out p ut s i gnal of the v co is used a s the in p ut to the local osci l lator ( l o) ge nerat o r st a g e , illustrated in figure 6. the vco fr e que n cy is su b divided and u s ed in a ser ie s of up ( d ow n ) conv er sio n s for transmission (receptio n ). 8 lo v c o out p u t 9 0 lo1 r x i l o 2 r x q i r e c e i v er l o s 9 0 q i 8 l o 1 t x l o 2 t x tr an s m i t t er l o s 9 0 q figure 6: lo gen e rat o r 3.2.4. pll tradeoffs with an inte g er - n pll a r chitecture, the followi n g crit e rion m u st be met to ens u re corr e c t operation: ? the com p ar is on fre q ue n cy, fco m p, of the phase fre q ue n cy det e c t or (p f d) i np u t must re m ain high e r than six times the p l l ba n dwidth (pll b w) to guarantee lo op st ab ility and to re j ect har m on i cs of the co m p a ris o n frequ e ncy fc omp. this i s expr e s sed in the ineq u ality: pllbw fcomp 6 ? h o wever the pllbw h a s to be suffic i e n tly high to allow ad e quate p ll lock times ? b e c a u s e t he di vi der r a tio n r de te r min es f c om p, i t s h ould be s et c l o s e t o 1 19, l e a d i ng t o f c om p 1 0 0 khz wh i c h will ensure suitable p ll stability and speed. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 15 of 75 rf m 64 b with the recommended of the reference design of section 7.5. 3 , the pll prototy p e is the following: ? 64 r 1 69 ? s < p + 1 ? llbw = 1 5 khz nom i nal ? startup times and ref e re nc e frequ e ncy spurs as sp e c i fied. 3.2.5. voltage controlled oscillator the integrat e d vco re q uires only two ex ternal tank circuit in d uct or s. as the inp ut is different i al, the two induct o rs sh o uld have the sa m e no m inal value. t h e perf o rma n ce of these c o mpon e nts is i mport a nt for both the ph a se noise and the p o w e r co n s u m pti o n of the pll. it is recomm e nded that a pair of high q factor i n d u ctors is se l ect e d. these sh o uld be m ounted o rth o gonally to other in d uct or s (in part i cul a r the pa c h ok e ) to re du c e sp u rio u s co u pling between the pa and vco. in additio n , such measures may reduce rad i ated pulling e f fects and undes i rab l e trans i ent be h avior, th u s minimiz i ng spec tral occ u pa n cy. note that e n s u ring a symmetr i c al l ayout of the v c o inductors will further imp r ove pll spectral purity. for b e st p e rform a nce w ou nd type ind u ctors, with tig h t tolerance, should b e us e d as d e scri be d in s e ction 7.5.3. 3.2.5.1. sw settin g s of the v c o to g uarant e e the optim u m o p erati o n of the v co o v er t h e rf 64 ? s f req u ency and t e mperature r a ng e s, the followi n g sett i ngs sh o uld b e pro g ra m m e d into the RFM64B : t a rget chann e l (mhz) 300 - 330 320 - 350 350 - 390 390 - 430 430 - 470 470 - 510 fr eq_ b a n d 000 001 010 011 100 101 table 10: mc para m _fr e q _ band setting 3.2.5.2. trimming the vco ta n k b y har d w ar e and sof t w ar e to e n s u re t h at the fre q u e ncy b a nd of operation ma y be acc u ra t ely address e d by the r, p and s div i ders of the synth e sizer, i t is n e c e ssary t o ensure t hat the vco is corr e c tly center e d. note that for the refere n c e de s ign (see s e ction 7.5) no c e nteri n g is necess a ry. how e v e r, any deviation from the refer e nce d esi g n may require the optimizati o n pr o c e d ure, o utlined b el o w, to be i m pl e mented. t his pr o c e d u re i s simplifi e d t h anks to the b uilt - in v co trimming fea t ure wh i c h i s controlled over the spi in t erfa c e. th i s tuning do e s n ot requ i re a n y rf test eq uipment, and can be a c hiev e d by s i mply measur i ng vtune, the voltage between pi n s l fm and l fp . the vco i s center e d if the voltage is wi t hin the ra n ge: 100 vtun e ( mv ) 200 note t h at this me a s u rem e nt s h ould be co n d u c ted when i n tra n smit mode at the cent e r fr e que n cy of t h e d e s i r e d band (f o r ex a mple ~ 3 15 m hz in the 3 0 0 - 330 mh z b a nd ) , with the appro p riate mcparam_ fr eq_ b and setting. if this inequ a lity is not satisfied then a djust the mcparam_ v c o _trim bits fr o m 00 whi l st monitor i ng vtune. this allows the v co volta g e to be trim m ed in + 60 mv increm e nts. should t h e d e sir e d voltage ran g e be i n a c cessib l e, the voltage may be adj u s ted furt h er by cha n ging the tank c i rcuit ind u cta n ce value. n o te that an incr e ase in ind u cta n ce w i ll result in an i ncre a se vtu n e. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 16 of 75 rf m 64 b note for m a ss prod u ction: the vco c a pacit a nce is piece to piece dep e nd a nt. as s u ch, the optimization pro p osed above shou l d be verified o n several prototypes, to e n sure that the popu l ation is cent e red o n 1 50 mv. 3.2.6. pll loop filter to ad e quate l y reject s p ur i ous co m po ne nts a risi n g f r om the com p arison freq ue ncy f c omp, an exter n al 2 nd order loop filter is e mployed. rl1 l f _m cl2 cl1 l f _p figure 7: lo o p filter follow i ng t h e r e co m men d ations ma d e in secti o n 3.2.4, the loop filter p r oposed in the re f erence design?s bill of material on section 7.5.3 should be u s e d. the lo o p filter settin g s a re fr e qu e ncy band i nde pe ndent a nd ar e he n ce relevant to all implementat i ons of the RFM64B . 3.2.7. pll lock d e tection indicator the RFM64B also feat u r e s a pll lock d e tect indica t or. this is u s eful for optimizi n g pow e r co ns umption, by adjusti n g the synth e sizer w a ke u p time (ts_f s ), si n c e the pll sta r tup time i s low er than sp e c ified u n d er nom i nal c o nditio n s. the l o ck status can be re a d on bit irq p ara m _pll_ lo ck, a n d must be cl e ar e d by writing a 1 t o this same regist e r. in addition, the lock stat u s can b e refl e c ted in pin p ll_ l ock, by setting the b i t irqpara m_ enable _ l ock _ detect. 3.2.8. frequency calculation as s h own in figure 5 the pll s t r u cture co m pr i s e s thr e e different dividers, r, p and s, wh i c h set the out p ut frequ e ncy t h rough t h e l o. a s e c o nd set of dividers is a l so avai l able to all o w rap i d switch i ng be t we e n a pa i r of frequ e nc i es: r1/p1/s1 a n d r2/p2/s2. these six dividers are p r o gram m ed by six bytes of the reg i st e r mcparam from ad d r e sses 6 to 11. 3.2.8.1. fsk mode the following formu l a gives the re l atio n ship between the l o cal oscillator, and r, p and s va l ues , when using fsk modulati o n. frf , fsk ? 9 flo 8 frf , fsk ? 9 fxtal ? 7 5 ? p ? 1 ) ? s ? ? ? 8 r ? 1 3.2.8.2. ook m o de due to the m ann e r in wh i c h the b a se b and o ok s y mbols are g e nerat e d, the sig n al is always offset by the f s k frequ e ncy dev iation (f d ev - as pr ogr a mmed in mc param _ f r e q _ dev). h e nce, the c e n t er o f the transmitted ook sig n al is: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 17 of 75 rf m 64 b co n s e quentl y , in r e ceive mode, d ue t o the l o w i nterm e di a te fr e que n cy (l ow - if) ar chit e c ture of the RFM64B t h e frequ e ncy s h ould be conf i gur e d so a s to ensure the co rr e c t low - if receiv e r b a seba n d c e nter frequ e ncy, if2. note that from se c t ion 3.4.4, it is reco m mend e d that if2 be set to 100 khz. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 18 of 75 rf m 64 b i l o1 t x q am p l i f i c a t i o n s ec o up - c o n v pa o n v ers i o n i n er po l a t i o n da c s d ds fi lt e r s i w a v e f o r m l o 2 t x ge n e r a t o r q i l o 2 t x q 3.3. transmitter description the RFM64B i s set to tra n smit mode w h en mcp a ra m _ module _m o de = 100. nd er s i on fi r s t up - c t da t a c l o c k rfio r f if b a s eband figure 8: tr a ns m itter arch it ecture 3.3.1. architecture description the b a s e ba n d i and q si g nals are digi t ally gen e rat e d by a dds w h o s e d i gital to analog c onv erters (dac) followed by two anti - alias i ng l o w - pass filters tra n sform t h e digital sig n al into anal o g in - p h ase (i) and q u adrature (q) com p on e nts wh o s e fr e qu e ncy is the se l ected frequ en c y deviation (fdev). 1 fdev i ( t) q( t ) figure 9: i(t), q ( t ) o v e rv iew in fsk mod e , the re l ative ph a se of i a n d q i s swi t c h ed by the in p ut data b etween - 9 0 a n d + 9 0 with c o ntinuo u s ph a se. the modulati o n is therefore p e rfo r m e d at this initial sta g e, since the informati o n contain e d in the p h a se differe n c e wi l l be conv e rt e d into a fre q ue n cy shift when the i a n d q sig n als are u p - conv e rted in the first mixer stage. th i s first up - conv er sion sta g e is d uplicated to e nha n ce im ag e rej e ction. t he fsk con v ention is s u ch that: data ? ' ' 1 ' ' ? frf data ? ' ' 0' ' ? frf ? fdev ? fdev t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 19 of 75 rf m 64 b in ook mo d e, the ph a se differe n c e b etwe e n the i a n d q cha n ne l s is kept co n s tant (in d ep e n d ent of the tr a nsmitt e d data). t h u s , the first st a ge of u p - conversion creat e s a fi x ed fr e q u ency sig n al a t the low if = f d ev ( t his explai n s why the tra n smitted ook spectrum is of f s et by fdev). ook modu l ation is a c com p lish e d by swi t chi n g on a n d off the pa a n d pa regulat o r stag e s. by convention: after the int e rpolati o n filters, a set of f o ur mixers c o mbin e s the i a nd q si g na l s a n d converts them into a pair of comp l ex si gn als at the sec o nd int e r m ediate fr e qu e ncy, equal t o 1/8 of the lo freq u e n cy, or 1/9 of the rf frequ e ncy. t hese two ne w i and q s i gna l s are th e n co m bin e d and u p - conv e rted to the fi n al rf fr e qu e ncy by two qua d rat u re m ixers fed by t he lo sig n al. the si g nal i s p r e - amplifi ed , and then t h e tra n s m itter output is d riven by a final power a mplifier st a g e . 3.3.2. bit rate setting in contin u o u s tra n smit mode, setting t he bit rate is useful to determi n e the freq u e ncy of dclk. as explain e d in s e ction 5.3.2, dclk will tr i gger a n interrupt on the uc ea c h time a new bit h a s to be tra n smitted. ? ? 3.3.3. alternative settings bit rate, freque n cy deviation and tx interpo l ation filter settin g s are a functi o n of the re fere n c e o scilla t or cr y s tal frequ e ncy, f x t al . settings other t h an t h ose pr o gra m mable with a 12.8 m hz cr y s tal can b e o btained by s e lection of the corr e c t r e fere n c e o scil l ator fre q ue n cy. 3.3.4. fdev setting in fsk mode the fre q ue n cy deviation, fdev, of th e fsk transmitter is progra m med thr o ugh bits mcp a r a m_fr e q_ d ev: it shou l d b e noted t h at f o r comm u nications be t ween a p air of RFM64B s, that f dev should b e at l e ast 33 khz to ensure a c o rrect op e ration on the r e cei v er si d e. 3.3.5. fdev setting i n ook mode fdev h a s no phys i cal m e a ning i n o ok transmit mo d e. h o wev e r, as h a s b een sh o wn - due to the dds b as e ba n d sig n al gen e r a tion, the ook signal is a l ways o ffset by - fdev (s e e formul a s is secti o n 3.2. 8 ). it is sugg e sted that fdev retai n s i ts default value of 100 khz in ook m o de. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 20 of 75 rf m 64 b 3.3.6. interpolation filter after digital t o ana l og c onv ersi o n, both i and q sig n als a re s m o o thed by int e rpolation f ilt er s. th i s b l ock low - p a ss filters the dig i tally generat e d sig n al, and preven t s the alias sig n als f r om ent e ri n g the modu l at o rs. its ba n dw i dth can be pr o gram m ed with the r e gister rxparam_interpfilttx, and shou l d be set to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? wh e re f dev is the p ro g r a mmed fr e qu e ncy deviation as set in mcparam _ fr e q _ dev, and br i s the ph y sical bit rate of transm i ss i on. not e s: ? low int e rpol at ion filter bandwidth will at t enuate the b a s e ba n d i/q sig n als th u s red u cing the power of the fsk sig n al. conv e rsely, exc e ss iv e ban d width will degrade sp e c tral p uri t y . ? for t h e wid e band fsk m odulati o n, for example w h en o perating in dts m o d e , the recom m end e d filter setting can n ot be r e ac h ed. h o w e ver, the impact upon sp e c tral p u rity will be neglig i ble, due to the already w i de ba nd ch a nnel. 3.3.7. po w er amplifier the p o w e r amplifier (p a ) inte g rated i n the RFM64B op e rat e s u nder a regu l ated vol tage su p ply of 1 . 8 v. the external pa choke ind u ct o r is bi a s ed by an internal regulator outp u t made avail a ble on (vr_pa). th anks to these f e atur e s , the pa o u tput power i s co n s i s tent ov er the p o wer supply r a nge. th i s is import a nt for mobile appl i c atio n s wh e re this al l ows both pr e di c tab l e rf p erfor m a n c e a nd battery life. 3.3.7.1. rise and f all times control in ook mo d e, the pa ramp times c a n be acc u ra t ely c ontrol l ed through the mcparam_ p a_ramp reg i ster. those bits dir e ctly control the s le w rate of vr _ p a out put . table 11: pa rise/fall ti m es mcparam_ p a _ramp t vr_ p a t p a _o u t (rise / fall) 00 3 us 2.5 / 2 us 01 8.5 us 5 / 3 us 10 15 us 10 / 6 us 11 23 us 20 / 10 us t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 21 of 75 rf m 64 b data v r _ p a [v] 9 5 % 9 5 % t v r_pa t v r _ p a pa out p ut po w er 6 0 d b 6 0 d b t p a _o u t t p a _out figure 10: pa control 3.3.7.2. optimum l o ad impedan c e ( v alue to confirm) as the pa a n d the lna fr o nt - en d s i n t h e RFM64B s h are t he sa m e input/output pin, they are inter n ally m a tched to approximate l y 50 ?. p m a x - 1 d b c ir c le m a x p o w er z o p t = 3 0 +j 2 5 ? figure 11: o p ti m al load imped a nce c ha rt please refer t o the refere n c e d e si g n s e ction for an op t imized pa lo a d setting. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 22 of 75 rf m 64 b r eg _ p a rx _o n pa ln a 3.3.7.3. sugge s t ed p a biasing an d matching the r e co mm end e d pa bias and ma t c h i ng circuit i s il l ustrat e d bel o w: v r_ pa 47nf 100 n h pa r f io s a w d c blo c k a n t en na po r t l o w - pa s s a nd d c blo c k figure 12: r e co mm ended pa biasing a nd output m a tching please refer t o s e ction 7.5.3 of this doc u ment for the optimiz e d m a t c hing a rran g emen t for e a ch frequ e ncy b and. 3.3.8. common input and output front - end the receiver and the tra n smitter share t he same rf i o pin. figure 13 b elow s h ows t he config u rat i on of the com m on rf f ront - end. ? in tra n smit m ode, the pa and the pa regulat o r a r e active, wi th t he voltage o n the v r_pa pin e qual to the nominal volt a ge of the re g ulator (1.8 v). the e x ternal ind u cta n ce is us e d to bias t he pa. ? in r e ceive m o de, both pa and pa r e gu l ator a re off a nd vr_pa i s tied to gr o u n d. the exter n al ind u cta n ce lt1 is then u s ed t o bias the ln a. v r_ pa t o rfio figure 13: front - e n d d e scription t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 23 of 75 rf m 64 b r x f i rs t d co n v e l na l o 1 d d o w n - ers i o n r s si o o k de m o d c ont ro l l o gi c - p a tte rn re c o g n t i o n bi t - f i f o h an dl er s y n ch ro n i z e r - s p i i n t e r ac e - p ac k et ha n dl e r l o2 r x f s k de m od 3.4. receiver description the RFM64B i s set to r e ce iv e mode w he n mcparam _ module _mo d e = 011. o w n - r s i on s econ c o n v i f r f i f 1 bas eb a nd , i f 2 i n ook figure 14: r e ce i v er archit e c ture 3.4.1. architecture the RFM64B r e ceiv e r em ploys a su pe r - h eter o dyne archit e c ture. h e re, t h e first if i s 1/9 th of the rf frequ e ncy (ap p roximate l y 100mhz). the s e c o nd down - conv er sion d ow n - c o nverts the i and q si g na l s to base b a nd in the c a se of the f sk receiv e r (zero if) a nd to a low - if (if2) for the o o k receiv e r. se c o nd do w n - c o nver s i o n lo2 rx f ir s t do w n - c on v er s ion 0 i f2=0 i n fsk m ode i f1 100 mh z figure 15: fsk rece i v e r setting i m age f r eq u en c y lo1 r x c hannel f r e quen c yl se c o nd do w n - c o nversion first d ow n - conv e r sion 0 i f2<0 i n f s k m ode e q ual t o fo i f1 1 00 mh z l o 2 rx figur e 16: o ok r e ceiver setting i m age f r e q uen c y lo1 r x ch a nnel fre q uen c y after the second d o w n - c o nvers i on st ag e, the received si g nal is ch a nne l - sel e c t filtered a n d amplified to a level ade q uate for demo d ulatio n . both fsk a nd ook de m odulati o n are avail able. finally, an optional bit synchron i z e r (bitsync) is p rovided, to b e su p ply a s y nc h ro n o u s c l ock and data stream to a com p ani o n u c in contin u ous m ode, t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 24 of 75 rf m 64 b or to fill the f ifo buffers with glitch - f ree data in buff e red mo d e. t h e op e ration o f the receiver is n o w d e scribed in detail. note: image rejecti o n is ac hieved by the saw filter. 3.4.2. lna and f irst mixer in receive mode, the rf i o pin is co n nect e d to a fixed gain, commo n - gate, low noise amplifier ( l na). the perf o rma n ce of this amplifier is s u ch th a t the noi s e f i gure (n f ) of the r e ceiv e r can be e s timated to be 7 d b. 3.4.3. if gain and second i/q mixer follow i ng the lna and first down - c o nvers i on, there is an if a m plifier wh o s e gain can be pro g ram me d from - 13.5 db to 0 db in 4.5 db ste p s, via the reg i ster mcparam_i f _g a in. the d efa u lt setting corr es p on d s to 0 db gain, but low e r values can b e u s ed to i n cr ea s e the rssi dynamic ra ng e. refer to s e ction 3.4.7 for additional in f ormati o n. 3.4.4. channel filters the s e c o nd mixer stag e s are foll o wed by the cha n nel sel e ct filters. the ch a nnel se l ect f i lter s have a stro n g influe n ce o n the no i se ba ndw i dth a n d sel e ctivity of the r e ceiv e r and h e n c e i t s se n s itivi t y. each filter c o mpr i s e s a passive a n d active s e ctio n . 3.4.4.1. passi v e filter each c h ann e l sel e ct filter f eatur e s a p a ssive s e c o n d - order rc filter, with a b a ndw i dth pro g ramm a ble t h rough t h e bits rxp a r a m_passivefi l t. as the wid e r of the two fi l ters, its eff e ct on the se n s itivity is neglig i ble, but its b a ndw i dth has to b e s e tup i n stead to optim i z e b l ocking imm u nity. t he va l ue e nter e d i n to this r e gis t er se t s the s i ngle si d e ban d width of this filter. for optimum performa n ce it should be set to 3 to 4 tim e s the cutoff frequ e ncy of the active butterw o r th (or polyp h ase) filter descri b ed in the next secti o n. 3 * fc butterffi l t bw passiv e , filter 4 * fc butterfilt 3.4.4.2. acti v e filter the ?fi n e? ch a nnel se l ecti o n is p e rform e d by a n acti v e, thi r d - o rd e r, butterworth filter, w h ich a c ts as a l o w - pass filt e r for the z e ro - if config u rat i on (fsk), or a complex polyph a se filter f or the low - if (oo k ) config u r ati o n. the rxpar a m_p o lypfilt_on bit enab l es/d i s a bles the p olyph a se filter. l o w - p as s f il t er f o r f sk ( r x par a m _ p ol y f i l t _o n = ? ? 0 ??) - f c 0 f c f r equ e n c y p o l y p ha s e fi lter f or o ok ( r x p ar a m _po l y f i lt_ o n = ? ? 1 ? ? ) ca n cele d side o f the pol y ph a se f ilt er - f c - f o 0 f r equ e n c y figure 17: active c h an n el filter d e scri p tion t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 25 of 75 rf m 64 b as can be s e en from figure 1 7 , the required b an d w i dth of this filter vari e s be t we e n the two demodu l ati o n mod e s. ? fsk mode: the 99% en e rgy ban d width o f an fsk modulat e d si gn al is ap p rox i mated to be: the bi t s rxparam_butterfilt s et f c , the cu toff frequency of the filter. as we are in a z ero - if confi g urati o n, the fsk lob e s are c e ntered a r o u n d the virtual dc fre q ue n cy. the choice of fc should be s u ch that the modulat e d sig n al falls in t h e filter b a n d wid t h, antici p ati n g the l ocal oscillator fr e que n cy d rift over the op e rating te m p er ature and aging of the d evice: 2 * fc ? b w 9 9 % , fsk ? lo drifts please refer t o the ch a rts i n s e ction 3.4.5 for an a cc u rate overview of the filter bandw i dth vs. setting. ? ook mode: the 99% e ne rgy ban d wid t h of an ook modulat e d s i gnal is a ppr ox imated to be: b w 9 9 % , ook ? 2 tbit ? 2 . br the bi t s rx p ara m _polyp f ilt_cent e r set fo, the c e nter freq u e n cy of the polyp h ase filter when activated. fo sh o uld alwa y s b e c h os e n to be e qual to the l ow int e rm e d i ate f req u e n cy of the r e c e iver (i f 2). t h is i s why, in the g ui descr i bed in s e ction 7.2.1 of this d o c u ment, the l o w if fr e qu en c y of the o ok r e ceiv e r denot e d if2 has be e n repla c ed by fo. the follow i ng setting is recomme n ded: the value st o red in rxp a ram_butterfilt determi n es f c , the filter c u t - off freque n cy. so the user sh o uld set fc according to: again, fc as a function of rxparam _ but t erfilt is given in the section 3.4.6. 3.4.5. channel filters setting in fsk mode fc, the 3db cutoff freq ue ncy of the butterw o rth filter used in f sk recepti on , is pro g ra m med thr o ugh the bit rxpar a m_b u tterfilt. h ow e ver, the who l e receiver c h ain influe n c e s this cutoff freq u e n cy. thus the c h an n el sel e ct and r e sult a nt filter ban d wi d ths are su mm arized in the followi n g c h ar t : t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 26 of 75 rf m 64 b f c - fo w i t h f o = 1 0 0 k h z [k h z ] f c (3 d b c u t o f f ) [ k h z ] ac t ua l t heo r e t i c al 450 b u tt e r w o r t h f il t e r ' s b w , f s k b w bw 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 v a l ( r x p a r a m _ b u t t e r f il t ) [ d] figure 18: butterw o rth filt e r's a c tual bw error! r e fe r ence sou r ce not found. su g g e s ts filter settin g s in fsk mode, along with the corr e s p ondi n g passi v e filter ban d wi d th and the accept e d tol e r a nce o n the crystal refere nc e. 3.4.6. channel filters setting in ook mode the center f r eq u e n cy, fo, is alwa y s set to 100khz. the follow i ng c h art sh o w s the r e ce iv er ban d wid t h wh e n c hanging r x param_ b utterfilt bit s , whilst the polyph a se filter is a c t i vated. po l y p ha se f i l t e r ' s b w , oo k 450 a ct ua l t heore t i c al b w bw 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 v a l ( r x p a r a m _ b u tt e rf i l t [ d] r x p a r a m _ p o l y pf il t = "001 1" figure 19: polyp h ase filter ' s actua l bw error! refe r ence s o urce not fo u nd. su g g e s ts a f ew filter settings in ook mode, al o ng with the corres p ond i ng passive filter ban d width an d the accept e d tolera n c e o n the cr y s tal refere n c e. 3.4.7. rssi after filtering, the in - ph a se and qu a dra t ure si g na l s a re a mplified by a chain of 11 a mplifiers, each with 6 db gain. the outpu t s o f these ampli f iers a re u s e d to evaluate the r e ceived s ignal stre n gth (rssi). 3.4.7.1. resol u tion a nd ac c uracy whi l st the r s si resolution i s 0.5 db, t h e absolute accur a cy is no t ex pected to b e better than +/ - 3db d u e to pr o c e ss and exter n al com p on e nt variation. h i g h er acc u r a cy whi l st perf o rming a b sol u t e rssi measurem e nts w i ll requ i re additio n al cal i bration. 3.4.7.2. acquis i tion time t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 27 of 75 rf m 64 b r ss i _ v a l [ 0 . 5 d b / b i t ] in ook mo d e, the rssi evaluates the s i g n a l streng t h by sampl in g i(t) and q( t ) si g na l s 16 t i mes in e ach peri o d of the c h osen i f2 fre q ue n cy (ref e r to s e ction 3.4. 1 ). in fsk mode, the si g na l s a re samp l ed 1 6 times i n e a ch f dev peri o d, fdev being the fr e que n cy devi a tion of the compan i on tr a nsmitter. a n avera g e is t h en perf o rm e d over a slidi n g w i nd o w of 16 sa mp les. he n c e, t he rssi out p ut r eg i st e r rxparam _ r s si is u p dated 16 tim e s i n each f d ev or if2 p e riod. the follow i ng settings sh o uld be r e s p ected: ? fsk mode: ens u re that the fdev parameter (as d escri b e d in mcparam_ f dev) re m ai n s co n s ist e nt with the actual fr e qu e ncy deviation of the comp a nion tra n smit t er. ? ook r e c e pti o n: ens u re th a t the fdev p a ramet e r (as d escri b ed in m cparam_ f d ev ) is e q ual w i th the freq ue ncy of i(t) a nd q( t ) signa l s, i.e. the second i n ter med i ate fr equ e ncy, if2, of the r e cei v er (note that this eq u als f o, the cent e r fr e que n cy of the polyph a se filter). 3.4.7.3. d y namic range the dy n amic ra n ge of t h e rssi is ov e r 70 db, extending f r om t h e nom i nal s e nsitivity level. the if g ain setting avail able in m cparam_if _ gain is u s e d to ach i eve this dynamic ra n ge: r s s i r e s ponse 1 8 0 1 6 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 80 60 40 20 0 - 1 2 0 - 10 0 - 8 0 - 6 0 - 4 0 - 2 0 0 p i n [ d b m ] i f _ g a i n = 0 0 i f _ g a i n = 0 1 i f _ g a i n = 1 0 i f _ g a i n = 11 figure 20: rssi dyna m ic ra n ge the rssi r e spo n se v e rsus input si g nal i s i n de p end en t of the rece iv er filter ba n dwidth. h o w e ver in t h e ab se n c e of any input si g nal, the minimum value d i rectly refl e c ts upon the no i se floor of the receiv e r, wh i c h is d ep e n d ant on the filter ban d wi d th of the rece iv er. 3.4.7 .4. rssi irq source the RFM64B can also b e us e d to d et e ct a rssi level above a pr e - config u r e d thr e s h old. the thresho l d is set in irqparam _r ssi_irq_thresh and the irq status stored in irqp ar am_rssi_ i rq (cle a r e d by writing a 1). an interrupt can be mapp e d to the ir q 0 or i rq1 pins via bits ir q param _ rx _ stby_irq0 or irqparam _r x_stby_ir q 1. figure 21 sh o ws t h e timing diagr a m of the rssi interrupt s ou rce, with irqparam _r ssi_irq_thresh set to 28. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 28 of 75 rf m 64 b r x p a r a m _r s s i _ v a l ( 7:0) 24 26 27 30 25 2 0 2 0 2 0 18 2 2 33 20 2 2 34 33 i r q p a r a m _r s s i _i rq c lear in t e rr u pt figure 21: rssi irq ti m i ngs 3.4.8. fdev setting in receive mode the effect of the fdev sett i ng is differ e nt betwe e n fsk and ook mod e s: 3.4.8.1. fsk rx m od e in fsk mode the fde v setting, as c o nfigur e d by mcpar a m _ fr e q _ dev, sets s a mpling fr e qu e nci e s on the receiver. the user sh o uld make it cons i s tent with the f r eque n cy deviation of the fsk sig n al that is r e c e ived. 3.4.8.2. ook rx m o de the freq u e n cy deviation f dev, as d e scribed a b ove, se t s the s a mpling rate of the rssi block. it i s t heref o re necess a ry to set fdev to the recomm e n d ed low - if fre q ue n cy, if2, of 100 khz: 3.4.9. fsk dem o dulator the fsk d e modulat o r provides d ata polarity infor m ation, based on the relati v e ph a se o f the input i and q sig n als at the b a seb a n d . its outputs can be fed to the bit synchron i z e r to r e cover t h e timing informati o n. the u s er can a l so use the raw, unsy n c h ron i zed, output of the fsk dem o dulator in c o ntinuo u s mo d e. the fsk de modulat o r of the rfm 64b operates m o st effecti v ely for fsk s i g n als with a m odulati o n in d ex gr e ater than or e q ual to two: 3.4.10. ook demodulator the o ok d e modulat o r pe rfor m s a co m par i s on of the rssi outp u t and a t h r e shold val u e. three differ e nt thr e sho l d mod e s are availa ble, programmed thro u gh the rxparam_ o ok_thres h _type reg i ster. the r e co mm end e d mode of operati o n is the pe a k thr e sho l d mo d e, illustrated bel o w in fig u re 22: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 29 of 75 rf m 64 b r s si ( d b ) ?? p e ak - 6db?? t hresh o l d ? ? f l oo r ?? th re s h o ld d e f i n e d by mc p ara m _ o ok_ f l oo r _thr e s h n o i s e fl o or of r e c e i v er t i m e zoom d e ca y in db as defi n ed in r xp a r a m _ o o k _ t h r e s h_ st ep fi x ed 6d b dif f e r en c e per i od as de f i n e d in rxpara m _o o k_thr es h_ dec _peri o d figure 22: o ok de m odu l ator d e scr i ption in peak t h r e shold mo d e t h e co m par i s o n thr e shold l evel is the p eak val u e of the rssi, reduced by 6 d b. in the abse n ce of a n in p ut si g nal or d u ring t h e r e cepti o n of a log i cal 0 , the a c qu i red pe a k value is d e cr e ment e d by o ne rxparam_ook_thre s h_ s t ep every r x param_oo k _thre s h_dec _ period. wh e n the r s si output is n ull for a l o ng t i me (for i n stance after a l ong stri n g of 0 r e ceiv e d, or if n o transmitter i s pr e s en t ), the peak thres h old level will conti n ue falling until it reac h es the f l oor t h r e sho l d that is pr o gram m ed throu g h the regist e r mcp a ram _ ook_fl o or_t h r e s h. the default settin g s of t he o ok de modulat o r le ad to t h e p erfor m a n c e stated in t h e electr i c al sp e c ificati o n. h o wever, in appl i c atio n s i n which su dd en sig n al d r o ps are a wait e d d u ring a r e cepti o n, the t hree p a ra m eters sha l l b e optimized accordingly. 3.4.10.1. optimizing the floor th r eshold mcparam _o ok_floor_thres det e rmi ne s the se n s itivity of the ook receiv e r , a s it sets t h e comp a r ison t h reshold f o r we a k in p ut signa l s (i.e. those cl o s e to the noise floor). signific a nt se n s it ivity improve m en t s c a n be g e nerat e d if confi g ur e d c o rr e ctly. note that the noise floor of the recei v er a t the demodu l ator input d ep en d s on: ? the no i se fi g ure of the r e ceiver. ? the gain of t h e receive c ha in from ante n na to base b a nd. ? the matching - includ i ng s aw filter. ? the ba n dw i dth of the cha n nel filters. it is therefore important to note that the setting of m cparam_oo k _floor_thresh will be application dependant. the followi n g pr oc edure is rec o mmen d ed to optimize mc param _ oo k _floor_t h r e s h. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 30 of 75 rf m 64 b set RFM64B i n ook rx m o de adjust bit ra t e, cha n nel fil t er bw d e fa u lt rxpa r am _ o ok_ t h r e s h se tti n g n o inp u t s i g n al con t inuous m o de monitor data pin i ncreme n t mcparam_ook_ f loor_ t hres glitch a c ti v i t y on data ? opti m iza t ion comp l e t e figure 23: floor t h r e sho l d opti m ization the n e w floor thres h old va l ue found d u r i ng this test should be the value us e d for ook r e cept i on with those receiv e r settin g s. note that if t h e output si gn al on data i s log i c 1 , the value of m cparam_ oo k_floor_t h r e s is b el o w the noise flo o r of the r e cei v er chain. c o nversely, if the output sig n al on data i s log i c 1, t h e value of m aparam_fl o or_thr e s is several db a b ove the noise floor. 3.4.10.2. optimizing ook demo d ulator resp o nse for f ast fading signals a sud d en dr op in s i gnal stre n gth ca n ca u s e the bit error rate to incre a se. f o r appl i c ati o ns wh e re the ex pected sig n al dr o p can b e est i mated the followi n g o o k demodu l ator p a rame t ers rxp a ram _ ook_thresh _ step a n d rxpar a m_ o ok_thr e s h _ d ec _ per i od c a n be o ptimized a s d e scr i bed b el o w for a given numb e r of t hr e sho l d decre m ents p er bit rxpar a m_ook_t h r e s h _ d e c_ p eri o d: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 31 of 75 rf m 64 b 3.4.10.3. alter n ati v e ook demo d ulator th r e s hold modes in addition to the peak ook thr e sh o ld mode, the user can a l ternatively select two ot h er types of thr e sho l d detect o rs: ? ? ? ? ? in the first example, the high e r cu t - off freque n cy e nabl e s a se q ue n ce of up to 8 co n s e c u tive 0 or 1 to be su p port e d, whilst the l o w e r cut - off freq u ency p r e s en t ed in t he s e cond exa m ple allows for t h e c o rr e ct rece p tion of up to 32 co n s ec utive 0 or 1 . 3.4.11. bit s y nch r onizer the bit synchron i z e r (bitsync) is a blo c k that provid e s a cl e an a n d sync h ron i z e d digital out p ut, free of glitch e s . r a w d e m o d u l at o r o u t p ut ( f s k or oo k ) bi ts y n c o u t p ut t o pi n d a t a a nd dclk in c o n t i nuo u s m o d e d a t a dclk i r q _ 1 figure 24: bitsync d e scri pt ion the bitsync can be d i sab l ed through the bits rxparam_bitsync_off, and by h o lding pin irq1 low. however, for optimum r e ceiver p erf o r m ance, its u s e w h en r u nni n g contin u o u s mo d e i s s t rongly a dvis e d. with thi s option a dclk sig n al is pr e s e nt on pin irq _ 1. the bitsync is automat i c a l ly activated in buffered a n d pac k et modes. the bit synchron i z e r bit - rate is con t rolled by mcparam_ b r. for a giv e n bit rate, this para m eter is determ i ned by : br ? f xtal 64 * ? 1 ? mcparam _ b r ? ? t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 32 of 75 rf m 64 b ? ? ? for pr o p e r o perati o n, the bit synchr o n i z er m u st first r e ceive t h r e e bytes of al t ernati n g l o gic value p r e a m ble, i.e. 01 0 1 se q u e nc e s. after this st a r t up p hase, the ris i ng ed g e of dclk s i gnal i s cent e red o n the demo d u l ate d bit. subsequent data tra n sitions will preserve this centering. this h a s two i mplicati o ns: ? firstly, if the bit rates of tra n smitter a nd r e c e iv e r are kn o wn to be the sa m e, the RFM64B will be ab l e to receive an in f inite unbal an c ed se q ue n ce (all 0 s o r all 1s) with no r e str i ction. ? if there is a d ifference in b it rate betw e en tx and rx, t he amou n t of adjac e nt bits at the s a me level that the bitsync can withst a nd can be estimated as: this i mpli e s approximate l y 6 co n s e c u t ive un b ala n ced byt e s w h en the bit rate prec i s i o n is 1%, wh i c h is e a sily ach i evable (crystal tolera n c e is in the r a nge of 50 to 1 00 pp m ). 3.4.12. alternative settings bit synchron i zer a nd acti v e ch a nnel filter settin g s ar e a function o f the refere nc e oscillator crystal frequ en c y, f x t a l . settings ot he r than th o s e pr o gr a mm a ble with a 1 2.8 m h z cr y s tal can be obtain e d by sel e ction of the corr e c t reference oscillator frequency. 3.4.13. data output after ook or fsk dem o dulation, the baseb a nd s i gnal is m a de available to the user o n data, w hen conti n uo u s mode is sel e cted. in buffered a nd packet m o des, the data is retr i e ved from the fifo throu g h the spi interface. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 33 of 75 rf m 64 b 4. operating modes this secti o n sum m ar i z e s the settin g s for e a ch o p erating mode of the RFM64B , and exp l ains the fu nc tionali ty available a n d the timing r e quir e men t s for switchi n g b e tween m o d e s. 4.1. modes of operation table 12: o p erating m od e s mode mcparam_ module mode a c t i v e blo ck s sle e p 000 spi, por stand b y 001 spi, por, t o p reg u lator, d i gital r e gu l ator, xo, clkout (if ac tivated thro ug h oscparam _ c l kout) fs 010 same + vco reg u lator, all pl l and lo g en e ration b locks recei v e 011 same as fs mode + lna, first mix e r, if amplif i e r, sec o nd m i xer set, cha n nel filters, ba s eb a nd a m p l ifi e rs and limi t ers, rssi, ook or fsk de m od ulato r , bit s ync and all digit a l features if enab l ed t ransmit 100 same as fs mode + dds, interpo l at i on f ilters, all u p - c onver s ion m i xers, pa driver, pa and ex t e rn a l vr_ p a pin out p u t for pa choke. 4.2. digital pin configuration vs. module mode table 13 descri b es the st a te of the digital ios in each of the above descr i bed mo des of o p erat i on. table 13: pin config u rati o n vs. module m o de module . mode p in sleep mode st a ndby mode fs mode re c e i v e mode t ra n smit mode comment nss_config inpu t input input input input nss_config has the p ri o ri t y over nss_da t a nss_da t a input input input input input miso input input input input input output only if nss_config o r nssdat a = ?0? mosi input input input input input sck input inpu t input input input irq_0 high - z output (1) ou t put (1) output output irq_1 high - z output (1) ou t put (1) output output da t a input input input output input clkout high - z output o u tput output output not e s: (1): h i gh - z if conti n uo u s mode is a c tivat ed, else ou tput (2): v alid l ogic stat e s m u st be appli e d to i nputs at all times to avoid u nw a nted l e aka g e curren t s t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 34 of 75 rf m 64 b 5. data processi n g 5.1. overview 5.1.1. block diagram figure 2 5 , illustrat e s t h e RFM64B data processin g circuit. its role is to interface the data to/from the modulat o r/d e modulat o r an d the u c a c cess po i nts (spi, irq and data pi n s ). i t also con t ro l s all the c o nfigurati o n reg i sters. the c i rcuit c o ntains sever a l control b l ocks wh i c h a re d escri b ed in t h e foll owi n g p a ra g ra p hs. t x / r x RFM64B c o ntrol da t a ir q _ 0 irq_1 d a ta r x s y nc reco g . tx packet ha n d l er f i fo ( + s r ) spi config da t a nss_da t a sck m o si m i s o figure 25: RFM64B s data processi n g conceptual vi e w the RFM64B i mplem e nts several data o perati o n mo d es, e a ch with their own da t a path throu g h the data proc es sing s e ction. d ep endi n g on t h e data op e r a tion mode s e lected, some control b l ocks a re a c tive whilst oth e rs re m ain dis a bled. 5.1.2. data operation modes the rfm64 b has three different data op eration m od e s se l ect a ble b y the user: ? conti n uo u s mod e : each b it transmitted or r e ceiv e d is access e d in real time at t h e data pin. this m o de m ay be us e d if adeq u ate external signal process i ng is avail a ble. ? buffered m o d e : each by te tra n smitted or r e ceiv e d is st o r ed in a fifo and acc e ssed via the spi bus. uc pr o c e ss i ng ov erhe a d is h ence si g nificantly red u c e d co m pared to contin u o u s mo d e op e ration. the p acket length is u nl i mited. ? packet mode (r e com m en d ed ) : user on l y provid e s /r e trieve s p ayl o ad bytes to/from the fi f o. the p a cket is automatically built with p r e amble, sy n c word, a nd op t ional crc, dc free e n cod i ng a nd t h e r e verse o peration i s perf o rmed i n reception. t he uc p r o c e ss i ng ov e rh e ad is h e nce red u ced f u rt h er comp a r e d to buffered m ode. the maxim u m payload l e ngth is limited to the maximum fifo limit of 64 bytes t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 35 of 75 rf m 64 b c onfig. r egis t ers table 14: data operation mode sel e ct i on mcparam_da t a_mode data operat i o n mode 00 cont i nu o us 01 buffered 1x packet each of th e s e data operati o n mod e s is d escri b ed ful ly in the followi n g s e ctio n s . 5.2. control block description 5.2.1. spi interface 5.2.1.1. o v e r vi e w as illustrated in the figure 26 below, the RFM64B ?s s pi interface cons i s ts of two sub bl oc ks: ? spi config : used in all da t a operation mod e s to re a d and write the confi g uration reg i sters wh i c h c o ntrol all the par a meters o f the module (o p erating m ode, bit rate, etc...) ? spi data : used in buffer e d and pack e t mode to write and re a d data bytes to and from t he fifo. (fifo interrupts can be us e d to mana g e the fif o c o ntent.) RFM64B c onfig. r egis t ers fifo spi config (sla v e ) spi da t a (sla v e ) nss _ config mo si m i s o sck nss_da t a nss _ config mo si m i s o sck nss_da t a c (m a s t e r ) figure 26: spi interface ov erv i ew a nd u c c o nn e ctio n s both interfaces are c o nfigur e d in sla v e mode whi l st t he uc is confi g ur e d a s the m a ster. they have se p arate sel e ction p i ns (nss_con f ig and nss _ data) but s h are the rema i ning pi n s : ? sck (spi cl o c k): cl oc k si g nal provi d ed by the uc ? mosi (mast e r out slave in): data input signal provid e d by the uc ? miso (mast e r in slave out): data output signal p r ovi d ed by the RFM64B as describ e d bel o w, only one interf a c e can be sel e ct e d at a time with nss_c o nfig having t h e pri o rity: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 36 of 75 rf m 64 b table 15: c o nfig vs. data spi interface selecti on nss_ d a t a nss_config spi interface 0 0 conf i g 0 1 data 1 0 conf i g 1 1 no n e the follow i ng para g r a p h s descr i be h o w to use e a ch of these inter f ac e s . 5.2.1.2. spi config ? write reg i st e r to write a va l ue into a c o nfigurati o n r e gister the timi n g diagra m be l ow shou l d be carefully foll o wed by the u c . the r e gist e r?s new value i s effective from the rising ed ge of nss_config. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 n ss_co n f ig (in) sck (i n ) n e w va l u e at ad d r ess a1 mosi ( i n) start rw a(4) a( 3 ) a(2) a( 1 ) address = a1 a(0) stop d ( 7) d(6) d ( 5) d( 4 ) d(3) d( 2 ) d(1) d ( 0) cur r e n t v a l u e at a dd r e s s a 1 * miso (ou t ) hz x x x x x x x x d ( 7) d(6) d ( 5) d( 4 ) d(3) d( 2 ) d(1) d( 0 ) hz * w he n w r iti n g t h e n e w v a l u e a t a dd r e s s a1, the cu r re n t con t ent of a1 can be r e ad b y t h e u c. ( i n)/(out) refe r s t o RFM64B side figure 27: write reg i ster s equ e nce note t h at w h en writing m o re th a n o ne regist e r s u cc e ssiv e ly, it is n ot co m pu l s o ry to toggle nss_c o nfig back high betw e en two write se q ue n c e s. th e by t es a re alt e r n atively cons id ered as ad d ress and va lu e. in this ins t ance, all new val u es will beco m e effective on r i si n g edge of n s s_c o nfig. ? re a d r e gist e r to re a d the value of a c o nfigurati o n r e gister the tim i n g diagram be l ow shou l d be carefully foll o we d by the u c . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 37 of 75 rf m 64 b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 n s s _c o n f i g ( i n) s c k ( i n) mo s i ( i n) star t rw a( 4 ) a( 3 ) a( 2 ) a(1) a dd r e s s = a 1 a ( 0) stop x x x x x x x x c u r r en t v al u e at ad d r e s s a 1 mi s o ( o u t ) hz x x x x x x x x d (7 ) d (6) d ( 5 ) d(4) d ( 3 ) d(2) d(1) d (0 ) hz figure 28: r e ad r e gist e r sequ e nce note that w h en readi n g m ore t h an o ne reg i ster s u cc e ssiv e ly, it is not co m pu l sory to t o gg l e nss _ c o nfig b a ck high be t we e n two read se q ue n c e s. the bytes are alternatively co ns i der e d as a d d ress a n d val u e. 5.2.1.3. spi data ? write b y te ( b efore/d u ri n g t x ) to write byt e s into the fifo the timing diagram bel o w s h ould b e carefully followed by the uc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n s s_ d a t a (in) s ck (in) 1 s t b y t e w r i t t e n 2 n d byte w r i t ten m o s i ( i n) d1 ( 7) d1 ( 6) d1 ( 5) d1 ( 4) d1 ( 3) d1 ( 2) d1 ( 1) x d1 ( 0) d2 ( 7) d2 ( 6) d2 ( 5) d2 ( 4) d2 ( 3) d2 ( 2) d2 ( 1) d2 ( 0) m i s o (out) hz x x x x x x x x hz x x x x x x x x x hz figure 29: write bytes se q ue n ce ( e x: 2 byt e s) note that it is com p ulsory to toggle ns s _ data b a ck high be t we e n each byte written. the byte is p us h ed into t h e fifo on the risi n g ed g e of nss_da t a t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 38 of 75 rf m 64 b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ? read byte (after/during rx) to re a d bytes from t he fifo the timing diagram bel o w s h ould b e carefully followed by the uc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 nss_ d a t a (in) sc k (in) m o s i ( i n ) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 s t byte r e ad 2 n d byte r ead m i so (out) hz d1(7) d 1 ( 6) d 1(5) d1(4) d 1(3) d 1 ( 2) d 1(1) d 1 ( 0) h z d2(7) d 2(6) d 2 (5) d 2 ( 4) d2(3) d 2( 2 ) d2(1) d2(0) hz figure 30: r e ad byt e s se q ue n ce ( e x: 2 byt e s) note that it is com p ulsory to toggle ns s _data b a ck high be t we e n each byte r e ad . 5.2.2. fifo 5.2.2.1. o v e r vi e w a n d shift regi s ter ( s r) in buffered a nd packet m od e s of o p eration, both da ta to be tra n smitted and t h at has be e n receiv e d are stored in a confi g ur a ble fifo (f ir st in first o ut) device. it i s acc e ssed via the spi da t a inte rf a c e a nd p rovid e s several interrupts for transf e r ma n agem e nt. the fifo is 1 byte (8 bits) wi d e he n ce it only perfor m s byte (paral l el) o p erations, whereas the d em odulat o r functio n s ser i ally. a shift r e gister i s th e r ef ore e m ploy e d to interf a c e the two d evi ces. in tra n sm i t mode it tak e s bytes from the fifo and outpu t s them s e rial l y (msb first) at the p r ogr a mmed bit rate to the modulator. similarly, in rx t h e shift reg i ster gets bit by bit data from the demo d ulat o r and writes t hem byte by byte to the fifo. th is is il l ustrat e d in figure be l ow. b y te1 b y te0 fifo data t x / r x 1 8 sr (8bi t s ) ms b l sb figure 31: fifo and shift reg i ster (sr) 5.2.2.2. size selecti o n the fifo w id th is pro g ra m mable, to 16, 32, 48 or 64 bytes via mcparam _ fifo _ s ize t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 39 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.2. 2.3. interru p t s o urces a n d flags all interr u pt so u rces and flags a re c o nfigur e d in t he irqp a r a m s e ction of the confi g uration r e gist er , with the excepti o n of fifo_thr e s h o l d : ? /fifoempty: / f ifoempty interrupt s o urce i s low w h en byte 0, i.e. whole fifo, is e m pty. otherw i se it is high. ? write _ byte: write _ byte i n terr u pt s o urce go e s h i gh f or 1 bit p er io d e a ch time a n e w byte is tra n sferred from the sr to the fifo (i.e. each time a new by t e is r e ceive d ) ? fifofull: fifofull interr u pt s o urce is hi g h when the l a st fif o byte, i.e. the who l e fifo, is full. otherw i se it is l o w. ? fifo_overru n _clr: fifo_ov e rr u n _ clr flag i s set w h en a new byte i s written by the user ( i n tx o r stan d by m o de s ) or t h e s r (in rx m o de) wh i le the fifo i s already full. i n this c a se, d ata is l o st an d the flag s ho uld b e cle a r e d by writing a 1. t he bit can a l so be used a n ytime to clear fifo and re l au n ch a n e w rx or tx pr oc ess ? tx_done: t x _do n e interr u pt source g o es high wh e n fifo is empty and the sr?s l a st bit has be e n s e nd to t h e modulat o r (i. e . the last bit o f the p a cket h as b een s e nt). one bit p er i od de l ay is r e quir e d after the r i si n g e dg e of tx_done to e ns u re corr e c t rf tra n sm i ss i on of the last bit. in practice this may n o t requ i re sp ec ial care in the uc s oftware due to irq pro c e ss i ng time. ? fifo_thr e s h o l d: fifo_thr es hold int e rr u pt so u rce?s be havior can b e pr o gr a mm e d via mcparam_fifo_t h r e s h (b value). th i s b ehavior i s ill u strated in fi g ure 32. irq sour c e 1 0 b b+1 # o f b y t e s i n f i fo figure 32: fifo threshold irq source behav i or 5.2.2.4. fifo cleari n g table 16 bel o w su m mar i z e s the stat u s o f the f i fo w h en switch i ng betw e en diff e rent mo d es table 16: st at us of fifo when switching between d i fferent mod e s of the module from to fifo st a t u s comments stby t x clea r ed in buffered m o de, fifo can n ot be w ritten in st b y b e fore t x not clea r ed in packet mo d e , fifo can be w ritten i n st b y before t x st b y rx clea r ed rx t x clea r ed rx st b y not clea r ed in packet & buffered m odes f ifo can be read in st b y after rx t x rx clea r ed t x st b y n ot clea r ed a n y sle e p clea r ed 5.2.3. s y nc word recogn i tion t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 40 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.2.3.1. o v e r vi e w sync w o rd recognition (also cal le d pattern rec o gnition i n previo u s pro d uc t s ) i s activated by setting rxpar a m_sync _ on. the b i t sync h ron i z e r must a l so b e activated. the b l ock be haves l i ke a shift r e gist e r; it contin u o u s l y com p ar e s t he i n comi n g data with i t s i nternally p r og rammed sync word and asserts the sync irq source on each occasion that a ma t c h i s detected. t his is illustrated i n figure 3 3 . r x d a t a (nr z ) bi t n - x = bi t n - 1 = bit n = sy n c _ v a l u e [ x ] sy nc _ v a l u e [ 1 ] s y n c_ v a l u e [ 0 ] dclk s y nc figure 33: sync word r e cognition dur i ng t h e comp a r ison of the d emo d u l ated d ata, t h e first bit received i s co m par e d with b i t 7 (msb) of byte at address 22 a nd the l ast bit r e ceived i s comp a red with bit 0 (lsb) o f the last byte wh o s e a d dr e s s is det e rm i ned b y the length of the sync w o r d . wh e n the pr ogr a mmed s y nc w o rd i s d etected t h e u s er c a n a s s u me that this i ncom i ng p acket is f o r the node a nd can b e pr o c e s sed a c cord i ngly. 5.2.3.2. co n figur a tion ? size: sync word s i ze can be set to 8, 1 6, 24 o r 32 b its via rxp a ram_sync_s iz e. in packet mode th i s fie l d is also u s e d for sync w o rd g e nerati o n in tx mode. ? err o r tol e r an c e: t he nu m ber of e rrors tolerate d i n the sync word recognition c a n be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3 via rxpar a m_sync_tol. ? value: the s y nc w o rd va l ue is config ur ed in sync p ara m _sync_ v alue. in packet mode this field is also u s ed for sync w o rd generation in tx mode. 5.2.4. packet handler the p a cket handl e r is the block u s ed in packet m ode. its functional i ty is fully descri b ed in sect i on 5. 5 . 5.2.5. control the control block confi gu res and c o ntrols t he full module ? s b ehav i or ac cording to the settin g s p ro g ram me d in the confi g urati o n reg i sters. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 41 of 75 rf m 64 b rz ) 5.3. continuous m ode 5.3.1. general description as illustrated in figure 3 4 , in c o ntinu ou s m o de the nrz data to (fro m ) the ( d e)m o dulat o r i s d i r e ctly accessed by the uc on the bidir e ctional data pin. the spi data, fifo and packet h a nd l er are thus i n active . t x /rx RFM64B con t rol da t a i r q_0 i r q_ 1 (dc l k ) d a ta r x s y n c r e cog. s pi c o n f ig n s s _ config sck m o si miso d a ta p ath figure 34: c o ntinuo u s mo d e co n c e ptual view 5.3.2. tx processing in tx mode, a sy n c hron ou s data cl o ck f or an exter n a l uc is provi d ed on irq_1 pin. its timing with resp ec t to the data i s illustrated in figure 3 5 . data i s int e r n ally sampled on t h e r i sing e dge of dclk so the u c c a n c h ange log i c state anytime outside the g r eyed out setup/hold zo n e. the use of dclk is com p uls o ry in fsk and optio n al in ook. t_da t a t _d a ta da t a ( n dc lk figure 35: tx proc es sing i n conti n uo u s mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 42 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.3.3. rx processing if the bit synchron i z e r is d i sab l ed, the r a w dem o dula t or output is m ade directly av a ilable on data pin and no dclk sig n al is provided. conv e rsely, if the bit sync h ron i z e r is e na bled, sy n c hr o no u s cl e an e d data and c lo ck a re m a de available respectively on data an d irq _ 1 pi n s . data is sampled on t h e ris i ng e dge of dclk a n d up d ated o n the falling edge as illustrated i n figure 3 6 . da t a ( nrz) dclk figure 36: rx proc es sing i n conti n uo u s mode note that in conti n uo u s mode it is a l ways reco m mend e d to enable the bit synchr o nizer to clean the data sig n al even if the dclk s i gnal i s not used by the uc. (bit synchron i z e r is auto m atica l ly enabled i n buffered an d packet mod e ). 5.3.4. interrupt s i gnals m a pping the tabl e s b e low give the d escripti o n of t he interrup t s available in continu o us m o de. rx_st b y _ irq _ 0 rx irq_0 00 (d) s y nc 01 rssi 1x - irq_1 dclk tabl e 17: int e rr u pt mappi n g in conti n u o us rx mo d e note: in cont i nuo u s mo d e, no interrupt is available in stby mode tx irq_0 - irq_1 dclk table 18: int e rr u pt mappi n g in conti n u o us t x mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 43 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.3.5. uc connections RFM64B d a t a i rq_0 irq_1 (dc l k) n ss _config uc sck m o si m i s o figure 37: uc con n ecti o ns in conti n uo u s mode note that s o me co n n e c ti o ns may not b e nee d ed d ep endi n g on the application: ? irq_0: if sync and rssi interr u pts a re n ot used. in this c a se, leave floating. ? irq_1: if the modu le is n ev e r used in tx fsk mode (dclk co n n e c tion is n ot compu l s o ry in rx and tx ook mod e s). in this c a se, leave floating. ? miso: if no read r e gist e r a c cess is n ee d ed. in this c a se, pull - up to vdd throu g h a 100 k ? r e s i s t or. in addition, nss_data pin (un u s e d in conti n uo u s m ode) sh o uld b e pulle d - up to vdd thr o ugh a 100 k ? r es istor. please refer t o table 13 for RFM64B ? s p i ns config u rat i on 5.3.6. continuous mode example ? confi g ure all data p r o c e ss i ng related r e gisters l i sted bel o w a p pro p riately. in this e x ample we assume that both bit synchron i zer a nd sync word r e c o gni t ion are o n. table 19: re l ev a nt confi g uration reg i sters in conti n uo u s mode ( d ata pr o c e ss in g related o nly) tx rx description mcparam data_ m od e_ x x x defi n e s data o perat i on m o de ( => conti n uou s ) irqparam rx_st b y _ irq _ 0 x defi n es irq_0 source in r x mode rxparam s y n c _ o n x ena b les s y nc w o rd re c og n iti o n s y n c _si z e x defi n e s s y nc w o rd si z e s y n c _tol x defi n es the er r or toler a nce o n s y nc w o r d re c og n ition syncp a ram s y n c _v a lue x def i n e s s y nc w o rd v a lue tx mode: ? go to tx mode (and wait for tx to be re a dy, see fig u re 5 0 ) ? send all p a cket?s bits on data pin synchrono u sly with dclk sig n al provid e d o n irq_1 ? go to sleep mode rx mode: ? program rx interr u pts: irq _ 0 ma pp ed to sync (rx _ stby_ir q _0=0 0 ) and irq_1 m ap ped to dc l k (bit synchr o nizer enab l ed) ? go to rx m o de (note that rx is not re a dy immediat e ly, see figure 49) ? wait for s y nc interr u pt ? get all packet bits on da t a pin sync h rono u sly with dclk si g nal pr ovided on irq_1 ? go to sleep mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 44 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.4. buffered mode 5.4.1. general description as illustrated in fig u re 3 8 , for buff e red mo d e o peration the nrz data to (fro m ) the (de)m o dulator i s n ot directly acc e ssed by the uc but s t ored in the fi fo and a c cessed via the spi data interf ace. this f re e s the uc f or oth e r tasks b etw ee n pr o c es sing data from t h e RFM64B , fur t her m ore it s i mplifies software d evelo p ment and re d uc e s u c perf o rma n ce requ i re m ents (s p eed, re a c tivity). note t hat in this mo d e the packet hand l er sta y s inactive. an imp o rt ant feature is a l so t h e a bility to empty t h e fifo i n s t by mode, e n sur i ng l ow p ow e r co n s um ption a nd addi n g gr e at e r software fl ex ibility. RFM64B c o n t r o l ir q _0 i r q_1 d a ta r x s y nc r e c o g. tx fifo (+ s r) spi c onf i g d a ta n s s_c o nfi g n ss_ d a ta s c k m o si m i s o datapa t h figure 38: buffered mo d e co n c e ptual view note t h at bit sync h ron i z e r is aut o mat i c ally e nabl e d in buffered mode. the sync w o rd recogniti o n must b e activated by the user if ne e ded. 5.4.2. tx processing after ent ering tx in buffer e d mode, the module expec t s the uc to wri t e into the fifo, via the spi data interf a c e, all the data bytes to be tran s mitted (p r eamble, sync word, payload...). actual tra n s m iss i on of first byte will sta r t either when the fifo is n o t empty (i.e. f i rst byte writt e n by the uc) or w h en the fifo is f u ll depe n ding on bit irqparam_tx _ start _ irq_0. in buffered mode the pa c ket length is not limited, i.e. as long a s there are by tes insi d e the fifo they are sent. when the last byte is tran s f erred to the sr, /fifoempty irq s our c e is as s e rted to warn the uc, at that time fifo can still be filled with a d ditional bytes if nee d ed. wh e n the l a st bit of the last byte has le ft the sr (i.e. 8 bit peri o ds later), the t x _do n e interr u pt so u rce is a s serted and th e u s er can exit tx mode after waiting at least 1 bit period fr o m the last bit pr o c e s sed by modulat o r . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 45 of 75 rf m 64 b if the transm i tter is swi t ched off (for example due to entering another module mo de) dur i ng transm i ssion it will stop immediately, even if the r e is st ill unsent data. figure 3 9 illustrat e s tx pr o c e ss i ng with a 1 6 byte fifo depth and tx _ s tart_irq_ 0 =0. please n ote t h at in th i s example t h e packet l e ngth is e qual to f ifo s i ze, but this d o es not need to be t h e c a se, t h e u c can use t h e fifo interrupts a nytim e duri n g tx to manage fifo cont e nts and write a dditional byt e s. s t art co n dit io n ( c f. t x _ st a rt_ i r q _0) fifo f u l l /f i f o e m p t y t x _ d o n e fro m spi da t a 15 f i fo 0 b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 dat a t x (f r om sr ) x x x b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b 6 b7 b8 b9 b 10 b11 b12 b13 b14 b15 xxx figure 39: tx processi n g in buffered mode (fi f o s i ze = 16, tx_s t art_irq_ 0 = 0 ) 5.4.3. rx processing after enteri n g rx in buffer e d mode, the module r e quires t he uc to retr i ev e the r e ce iv ed data fr o m the fifo. the fifo will actually start be i ng filled with received bytes either; when a sync word has been detected ( i n th i s case only the bytes foll o wi n g the sy n c word are filled into the fi fo ) o r wh e n the fifo_fill bit i s ass e rted by the u s er - d e pend i ng on the state o f bit, irqpar a m_fifo_fill_ m ethod. in buffered m ode, the p acket length i s n ot limited i.e. as long a s fi f o_fill is set, the r e ceiv e d by tes are shif t ed into the fifo. the u c software m ust th er efore m ana g e the tra n sfer of the fifo cont e nts by i nterrupt and ensure r e ce p tion of the corr e c t n u m b er of byt e s. (in this m o de, even if the r e mote tr a nsmitter h a s stopp e d, the d emodu l ator will out p ut ran d om bits from noise) when the fi f o is full, fifo f ull irq source is asserted to alert the uc, that at that time, the fi f o can still be unfilled without data l oss. if the f i fo i s n ot un f illed, o n ce t h e sr is also full (i.e. 8 bits p eri o ds la t er) fifo_ov e r run _ clr i s assert e d and sr?s content is lost. figure 40 illustrat e s an rx pr o c e s s i ng with a 16 by t es fifo size and fifo_fil l _metho d =0. please note that in the illustrative e x ample of sec t ion 5.4. 6 , the uc do e s not retrieve any byte from the fifo throu g h spi data, ca u s i n g overrun. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 46 of 75 rf m 64 b d a t a r x (to s r ) no i s y d a t a p re a m b l e s y nc b0 b1 b 2 b3 b 4 b5 b 6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b 13 b14 b 1 5 b16 s t a r t c o n d i t i o n ( c f . f i f o _f il l_ me t h o d ) /fi fo e m p t y f i f o f u l l f i f o _ o v e r r u n _c l r w r i t e_ b y t e 15 f i f o 0 b10 b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 b 1 1 b12 b 1 3 b 14 b15 figure 40: rx proc es sing i n buffered m ode (fi f o s i ze= 1 6, fifo_fill_ m ethod= 0 ) 5.4.4. interrupt s i gnals m a pping the tabl e s b e low d e scri b e the interrup t s available in b uffered m o d e . rx_st b y _ irq _ x rx stby irq_0 00 (d) - - 01 w rite_ b y t e - 10 /fifoemp t y /fifoemp t y 11 s y nc - irq_1 00 (d) - - 01 fifofull fifofull 10 rssi - 11 f ifo_thres h o ld f ifo_thres h o ld table 20: int e rr u pt mappi n g in buffered rx a nd stby mod e s tx irq_0 t x _start_irq _0= 0 (d) fifo_thres h o ld t x _start_irq _0= 1 /fifoemp t y irq_1 t x_ ir q _ 1 =0 (d) fifofull t x _irq _ 1=1 t x _do n e table 21: int e rr u pt mappi n g in tx buffered mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 47 of 75 rf m 64 b uc 5.4.5. uc connections RFM64B ir q _0 ir q _1 nss_conf i g nss_da t a sck mosi m i s o figure 41: uc con n ecti o ns in buffered m ode note th at de p endi n g upon t he appl i c ati o n, some u c conn e ctio n s m ay not be ne e ded: ? irq_0: if no n e of the relevant irq s o urc e s are u s e d. in this case, leave floating. ? irq_1: if no n e of the relevant irq s o urc e s are u s e d. in this case, leave floating. ? miso: if no read reg i ster acc e ss i s n e eded a nd the module i s u s ed in tx mode o nly. in this c a se, pull u p to vdd throu g h a 1 0 0 k ? r e s i s t or. in addition, data pin (un u sed in b uffer e d mod e ) s h o u ld be pulle d - u p to vdd thr o ugh a 1 0 0 k ? res i s t or. please refer t o table 13 for the RFM64B ? s pin config ur ation. 5.4.6. buffered mode example ? confi g ure all data processing relat e d regist e rs l i st e d bel o w a p propriately. in this exa m ple we as sume sync word recogni t ion is on and fifo_fill_method=0. tx rx description mcparam data_ m od e_ x x x defi n e s data o perat i on m o de ( => buffered) fif o_ size x x d e fin e s fifo s ize f ifo_thresh x x defi n e s f i f o thres h old irqparam rx_stb y _ irq_0 x defines irq_0 source in rx & stby modes rx_stb y _ irq_1 x defines irq_1 source in rx & stby modes t x _irq _ 1 x defi n es irq_1 source in t x mode fifo_fil l _meth o d x def in e s fifo filling meth o d fifo _fill x contr o ls fifo filli n g status t x _start_irq _ 0 x defi n e s t x start conditi o n a n d irq_0 source rxparam s y n c _si z e x defi n e s s y nc w o rd si z e s y n c _tol x defi n es the er r or toler a nce o n s y nc w o r d de t ection syncp a ram s y n c _v a lue x defi n e s s y nc w o rd v a lue table 22: re l ev a nt confi g uration reg i sters in buffered mode (da t a pr o c e ss i ng related o nly) tx mode: ? program tx start conditi o n and ir q s : start tx when f i fo is not e mpty (tx_st a rt_ir q _ 0 = 1) a nd irq _ 1 m a pped to tx_done (tx_irq _ 1=1) ? go to tx mode (and wait for tx to be re a dy, see fig u re 5 0 ) t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 48 of 75 rf m 64 b ? write pac k et bytes into fifo. tx s t a r ts when the first byte is written (tx _ st a rt_irq_ 0 =1). we a s sume the f i fo i s being filled v i a spi data faster than be i ng unfilled by sr (else u s e tx_start_irq_ 0 =0 ie fifo_thre sho l d to delay tx s tart) ? wait for tx_ d one interr u pt (+1 bit p e ri od ) ? go to sleep mode rx mode: ? program rx/stby interru p ts: ir q _0 mapp e d to / f ifoempty (rx_stby_ i rq _ 0= 1 0) a n d i rq _ 1 m ap p ed t o fifo_thr e s h o l d (rx_stby_ i rq_ 1 =0 1 ) . c o nfigure fifo_ t hr e s h to an a ppr o pr i ate v a lue (ex: to d e tect p a cket e nd if its length is known) ? go to rx m o de (note that rx is not re a dy immediat e ly, cf section 7.3.1). ? wait for fifo _ threshold int e rr u pt (i.e. sync w o rd has b een det e c ted and fifo fill e d up to the d e fined thr e sh o l d). ? if it is packet end, go to stby (sr?s con t ent is los t ). ? re a d p a cket bytes from f i fo until /fifoempty goes l ow ( o r corr e c t numb e r of bytes is rea d ). ? go to sleep mode. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 49 of 75 rf m 64 b 5.5. packet mode 5.5.1. general description similar to buffered mo d e operatio n, in packet m od e the nrz d ata to (from) the (de) m o d ulator is n ot dir e ctly acc e ssed by the uc b ut st o red in the fi f o and a c cessed via the spi data interf a c e. in addition, t h e RFM64B ? s p acket h a ndl e r perf o rms se v eral p a cket or iented t a sks s u ch a s pr ea mble a n d sync word gen e ration, crc calculati o n/ch ec k, whitening/ d ewhi t ening of d a t a , ad d r e ss filtering, etc. t his si m plifies sti l l furth e r softw a r e a n d red u c e s u c ov erhe a d by perform i ng th e s e repetitive tas k s within the rf chip it s e lf. another i m p o rtant featur e is ability to fill and e m pty the fifo in st b y mode, e n s u ring o ptimum pow e r co n s u mption and a d ding m ore flexibility for the software. RFM64B c o n t r o l ir q _0 irq _ 1 d a ta r x s y nc re c o g . tx pack e t ha n dler fifo (+sr) spi c o nf i g d at a n ss_c o nfig n s s _ d ata sck m osi m i s o d a t a pa t h figure 42: packet mode conceptual vi e w note that bit synchron i zer and sync word recogn i ti o n are aut o matically enabled i n packet mo d e. 5.5.2. packet fo r mat two typ e s of packet formats a r e su p po rt e d: fi x ed length a n d variab l e le n gth, sel e ctab l e by t h e pktparam_ p k t_for m at bit. the maxi mu m s i ze of the payload i s li m ited by the s i ze of t h e fi f o se l ect e d ( 1 6, 32, 48 or 64 bytes). 5.5.2.1. fixed len g th packet f o rm at in applicatio n s w h ere the packet le n gth is fixed in a d vance, this m ode of o p era t ion may be o f interest to minimize rf over h ead (no length byte field is require d ). all nodes, whether tx o nly, rx only, or tx/rx should be pro g ra m med with the sa m e packet le ngt h value. the l e ngth of the p ayload is set by t h e pktparam_ p ayload_l e ng t h regist e r a n d is limited b y the s i ze of the fifo sel e c t ed. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 50 of 75 rf m 64 b the l ength s t ored in this regist e r relat e s o nly to the payload which i n clu d es t h e m e ssage a nd the opti on al a d dr es s byte. in this mode, the p a yload must contain at le as t one byte, i. e . addr e ss o r messa g e byte. an illustrati o n of a fixed length packet is sh o wn in figure 4 3 . it contains the foll o wing fiel d s : ? preamble (1010...). ? sync word (network id). ? optional ad dr ess byte (n o de id). ? messa g e da t a. ? optional 2 - b y tes crc ch e c ksum. o ptio n al dc f r ee d a ta c o ding c rc c h ec k s u m c a l c ula t ion p r e a m b le 1 t o 4 b y t es s y n c w ord 1 to 4 b y tes a dd r e s s byte m e ss a g e 0 to ( f i fo s iz e ) b y tes c rc 2 - b ytes p a y l oad/fifo f ie l d s a dd e d by t he p a ck e t h a nd l e r i n t x a nd pr oc e s s e d a n d re m o v e d i n r x o pt i on a l u s er p r o v i d ed f i el d s w hic h are p art o f th e p a y l o a d m ess a g e pa r t of t h e pa y l o ad figure 43: fixed le n gth packet for m at 5.5.2.2. variable le n gth pac k et f ormat this m o de i s necess a ry in appl i c atio n s wh e re the l en gth of the p a cket is not k n own in a dva n c e a n d can vary over time. it is then nec e s s ary for the transmitter to s end t he l e ngth i nformati o n to g ether with e a ch p a cket in ord e r f o r the receiver t o operate pr o perly. in this m o de the length of the paylo a d, indicated by t he le n gth byte in figu r e 4 4, is given by the first byte of the fifo and is l imited only by the width of the fifo select e d. note that the length byte itself is not incl u ded in its ca l c ulati o n. in this mode, t h e payload m u st conta i n at leas t 2 bytes, i.e. length + a ddr es s or m e ssage byte. an illustrati o n of a variable length p a cket is sh o wn in figure 44 . it contains the fol l owi n g fields: ? preamble (1010...). ? sync word (network id). ? length byte ? optional ad dr ess byte (n o de id). ? messa g e da t a. ? o ptional 2 - b y tes crc ch e c ksum. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 51 of 75 rf m 64 b optio n al d c f r ee data c o ding cr c che c k s u m ca l cula t i on p r e a m ble 1 to 4 by tes s yn c w o rd 1 to 4 b y tes l e n g t h b y t e a d d r e s s b y te m es s a ge 0 to (f ifo s i z e - 1) b y t e s crc 2 - b y tes p a y l oad /f i fo f iel d s a dd e d b y th e p a c k e t h a ndle r i n t x a n d proc e s s e d a nd re m o v e d i n r x op t ion a l u s e r p r o v i d e d f iel d s w hic h a re p ar t o f th e pa y l o ad m e s s ag e pa r t o f t h e pa y load figure 44: variable l ength packet for m at 5.5.3. tx processing in tx m o de t he p acket h a ndler dyn a m i cally b u il d s t h e p a cket by p erform i ng the follow i ng o p eratio n s on t h e payl o ad available in t h e fifo: ? add a pr o gr a mmable n u m ber of prea m ble bytes ? add a pr o gr a mmable sync word ? optionally c a lculati n g crc over co m plete paylo a d field (opti o nal length by te + optio n al ad d r e ss by te + messa g e) an d app e nding t he 2 bytes c h ecksum. ? optional dc - free e n c o ding of the data (manch e ster o r whiten i n g ). only the payload (i n c l u di n g optional ad dr e ss a nd le n gth f i elds) i s to be provi d ed by the user i n the fifo. ass u ming t h at the module is already in tx mode t hen, d e pe nd ing on i r q param _ tx_s t art_irq_0 bit, packet transmission (starting with program m ed preamble) will start either after the first byte is written into the fifo (tx_st a rt_ir q _0=1) or after the n u mb e r of bytes writ t en re a c h e s t he u s e r d efi n ed threshold (tx_st a r t_ir q _0=0). t h e fifo can a l so be fully or partially filled in stby mode via pkt p ara m _fifo_ s tby_access. in this case, the start co n dition will only be c h ecked w h en ent e ring tx mode. at the end of the tra n smission (tx_ d one = 1), the u s er must explicit l y exit tx mode if required. (e.g. b a ck to stby) note t h at wh i le in tx mode, before and after actual p acket tra n sm i ss i on ( n ot enough bytes o r tx_don e ), additional pre a mble bytes are aut o matically s en t to the modulator. w h en the start c o ndition is m e t, the current additional pre a mble by t e is c o mplete l y sent before the tra n smission of the next packet (i.e. pro g ra m med pre a mbl e ) is started. 5.5.4. rx processing in rx mode the p a cket h a ndler extra c t s the u s e r payload to the fifo by perf o rming the foll o wing o perati o ns: ? re c eiving the preamble and s t ripping it off. ? dete c ting the sync word and s tripping it off. ? optional dc - free d e c o ding of data. ? optionally c h ecking the ad dr e ss byte. ? optionally c h ecking crc and refl e c ting the res u lt on crc _ stat u s bit and crc _ ok irq s o urce. only the payload (i n c l u di n g optional ad dr e ss a nd l e n gth fields) i s made avail ab le in the fifo. payload _ re a dy and crc _ ok interrup t s (the latter o n ly if crc i s e nabl e d) c a n be g en e rated to ind i cate t h e e n d of the packet r e cepti o n. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 52 of 75 rf m 64 b by default, if the crc c he c k is e nabl e d and fai l s f o r t he c u rr e nt pa c ket, then the fifo i s aut o matically cl ea red and neither of the two int e rr u pts a re g en e r a ted and n e w packet rec e ption is st a rted. th i s aut o c le a r f u n c tion can be dis a bled via pktparam _ crc _ aut o c lr bit and, in this cas e , ev e n if crc fails, the fifo i s not c l eared and only payload _ re a dy irq so ur ce is ass e rted. once fully r e ceived, the p ayl o ad can a l so be ful l y or parti a lly retriev e d in stby mode via pk tparam _f ifo_stby_ ac c e ss. at the e n d of the r e c e ption, althou g h the fifo au tomatically stops be i ng filled, it is still up to the us e r to explicitly exit rx m ode if requ i r e d. (e.g. go to stby to get p ayload). fi f o must be e mpty for a new p acket rec e ption to s t art. 5.5.5. packet filtering RFM64B ? s p a cket ha n dler offers sev e ral mechan i s m s for p a cket filtering e n s u ri n g that only us eful p a ckets are m ade available to the uc, r e d u c i ng si g nific a ntly s y stem p o wer c o nsumpt i on and software comp l exity. 5.5.5.1. s y nc word ba s ed sync w o rd fi lt ering/recogn i tion is auto m atically en a b l ed in packet mode. it is us e d for id en tifying the start of the payload and also f o r n etwork id e ntifica t ion. as p rev i ously d escri b ed, the sync word r e cogni t ion bl oc k is configured (s i z e, e r r or tolera n c e, v alue) via rxparam_sy n c _ s ize, rx p ara m _sync_ t ol and syncparam co n figurati o n reg i sters. th i s infor m ation is used, both for app e ndi n g sync word in tx, and filtering p a ckets in rx. every r e ceiv e d p a cket wh ic h d o es not s t art with th i s l o c ally confi g ured sy n c word is au t o m atically disc a rd e d and no interrupt is g e nerat e d. wh e n the sync word i s d e tected, payl o ad r e cepti o n au t omatically star t s and sync irq so ur ce is ass e rted. 5.5.5.2. addr e ss ba s ed addr es s filtering c a n be e nabl e d via the p ktpara m _adrs_filt bits. it adds a n other level of filtering, ab o ve sync word, typical l y useful i n a multi - n o de n etworks wh er e a n etw o rk i d is shared betw e en all n od e s (sy n c word) and each no d e h a s its own id (address). thr e e ad d r e ss b a sed filter i ng optio n s are available: ? adrs_filt = 01: received addre s s field is co m pared with inter n al reg i ster no d e_adrs. if they match th e n the packet is a ccepted a n d proc es sed, ot h erw i s e it is d i scar d ed. ? adrs_filt = 1 0 : receiv e d a ddr es s field i s c o mp a red with inter n al regist e r n o d e _adrs and t h e co n s tant 0 x 00. if either i s a m atch, the received p a c k et is acc e pted and p r o c e s sed, otherw i se it is discar d ed. this add i tional ch ec k with a co n s tant is us eful for impl e menting b ro a dc a s t in a m u lti - node n etworks. ? adrs_filt = 11 : r e ceive d a ddr es s field is com p ar e d with int e rnal regist e r no de _adrs a n d t h e co n s tants 0x 00 & 0xff. if any of the three matc h es, t h en the r e ce iv ed p a cket is a c cepted and p r o c e ssed, oth e rw is e it is discarded. t hese a d ditio n al checks with co n s tants a r e useful f o r im pl e ment i ng b ro a dcast co m ma n ds of all nod e s. please n ote that the rece iv ed address byte, as part of the payload, is not str i pped off the packet a n d is ma d e available in t he fifo. in addition, no d e_adrs a n d adrs_filt only apply to rx. on tx side, if addr e ss fi l tering is expect e d, the addr es s byte shou l d simp l y be put into the fifo like any other byte of the payload. 5.5.5.3. length b a s e d in variable l ength p a cket mode, pk t param_ p ayl o ad_ l e ngth m ust be pr o grammed with the maxim u m length permitted. if receiv ed l e n gth byte is smaller t h an t his m aximum then the p a cket is acc e pted a n d p r o c e s sed, otherwise it is discar d ed. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 53 of 75 rf m 64 b please n ote that the rec e ived length by te, as part of the paylo a d, is not str i pped off the packet and is made available in t h e fifo. to d i sab l e th i s fu n c tion t h e us e r sh o uld set the va l ue of the pkt p ara m _paylo a d_le n gth to t he value of the fifo si z e se l ect e d. 5.5.5.4. crc based the crc ch e ck i s en a bled by setting bit pktparam _ crc _ on. it is used f o r ch e ck i ng the int e grity of the messa g e. ? o n tx s i de a two byte crc ch e c ks u m i s calculated on the paylo a d p a rt of the packet a nd a ppe n ded to t he e n d of the mess a ge. ? on rx side t he ch e c ksum is calculated on the r e c eiv ed paylo a d and com p ar e d with the t w o c h ecksum bytes received. the result of the com p ar i s o n is st o red in t h e pktpara m _crc_stat u s bit and crc_ok irq so u rce. by default, if the crc ch ec k fails then t h e fifo is au t omatically c le ared a nd no i nterrupt is g e nerat e d. this filtering function c a n be d i sab l ed via pktpar a m_crc_aut o c lr bit and i n th is c a se, ev en if crc f ails, the fi f o is not cle a red and o nly payload _ ready int e rr up t goes high. please note t hat in b oth c a s e s, the two crc ch ec ksum bytes are s t rip p ed o ff by the packet handl e r a n d only the p a yload is ma d e available in the fifo. the crc i s b as e d on the ccitt poly n omial a s sh o wn in figure 4 5 . this imp l ementation a l so d etec t s e rrors d u e to leadi n g and trailing zer o s. d a t a i n pu t c r c p o ly n om ia l = x 16 + x 1 2 + x 5 + 1 x 15 x 14 x 13 x 1 2 x 11 * * * x 5 x 4 * * * x 0 figure 45: crc i m p le m entation 5.5.6. dc - free data mechanisms the payl o ad to be tra n sm i tted may co n tain long se q ue n c e s of 1 ? s and 0?s, which in t r o d uces a dc b ia s in the transmitted s i gnal. the ra d io sig n al thus pro d uced h a s a n o n unif o rm p o w e r dis t ribution over the occ u pie d ch a nn e l ban d width. it also introd u ces data de pe nde n ci e s i n t he n or m al op eration of t h e de m odulat or . th u s it i s useful if the transmitted d ata is ra n dom and dc free. for s u ch p u rposes, two t ec h niq u es ar e made avai l able in the p acket ha n dl e r: ma n c h e st e r e n cod i ng a nd data whiten i ng. please note th a t only one of the two meth o ds shou l d be enab l ed at a time. 5.5.6.1. manc h ester encoding manch e ster encodi n g/d ec oding i s en a bled by setting bit pktpara m _ma n c h ester_on and can o nly be used i n packet mode. the nrz da t a is c o nvert e d to manc h ester co d e by coding ?1? a s 10 a n d ?0? as 01. in this c a se, the maximum chip rate i s the maximum bit rate given in the sp ec ificatio n s s e c t ion and the a c tual bit rate is half the c hip rate. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 54 of 75 rf m 64 b 1 /b r .. .s y nc 1 / b r p a y lo a d... r f chip s @ br ... 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ... user/ nrz b i ts m ancheste r o ff ... 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ... user/ nrz b i ts m ancheste r o n ... 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ... manch e ster encodi n g a n d decodi n g is only appl i ed t o t he p aylo a d and crc checksum whi l e preamb l e a nd sync word a re kept nrz. h o we v er, the chip rate from p r eam ble to crc is the sa m e a nd defi n ed by mcp a ram_ b r (chip rate = bit rate nrz = 2 x bit rate man c he s ter). manch e ster e nc o ding/ d ec o ding i s th u s made t ra n sp a rent f o r the u s er, w h o still provid e s /retr i eves nrz d a ta to/from the fifo. t figure 46: manch e ster e n cod i ng/deco d ing 5.5.6.2. data wh i t en i ng another t e c h nique call e d whiten i ng o r scra m bling i s w i dely us e d for rand o mizing t h e u s er data b efore radio transmissi o n. the data is white n ed us in g a ran d om sequence on the tx side a n d de - whi t e ne d on the rx s i de us i ng the same s eq ue n ce. com p aring to m a nchest e r t e chn i que it h as the advanta g e of k e eping nrz dat a rate i. e . actual bit rate is not halved. the whit e ni n g/de - whiten i n g pr o c e ss i s enab l ed by setting bit pktpara m _whitenin g _on. a 9 - bit lfsr i s used to gen e rate a r a ndom se q ue n ce. t h e payl o ad a n d 2 - byte crc checksum i s th e n xored with t his ran d om sequ e nce as sh o wn in figure 4 7 . the data is d e - white n ed on t he r e ceiv e r s i de by xori n g with the s a me ra n dom sequ e nce. payload whi t ening/ d e - whi t ening i s t h us made tra n sp a rent f o r the u s er, w h o still provid e s /retr i eves nrz da t a to/from the fifo. lf s r p o l y no m i a l = x 9 + x 5 + 1 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 0 t r an s m i t da t a w h i t e ne d da t a figure 47: d a ta whiteni n g 5.5.7. interrupt s i gnal mapping tabl e s bel o w give the descripti o n of the interr u pts a v ailable in p a cket mode. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 55 of 75 rf m 64 b uc table 23: int e rr u pt mappi n g in rx a nd stby in packet mode rx_st b y _ irq _ x rx stby i rq_0 00 (d) p a yl o ad_ r e ad y - 01 w rite_ b y t e - 10 /fifoemp t y /fifoemp t y 11 s y nc or adrs _ match* - i rq_1 00 (d) crc_ok - 01 fifofull fifofull 10 rssi - 11 f ifo_thres h o ld f ifo_thres h o ld *the latte r if addr es s filtering is e n abl e d tx i rq_0 t x _start_irq _0= 0 (d) fifo_thres h o ld t x _start_irq _0= 1 /fifoemp t y i rq_1 t x_ ir q _ 1 =0 (d) fifofull t x _irq _ 1=1 t x _do n e table 24: int e rr u pt mappi n g in tx pack e t mode 5.5.8. uc connections RFM64B i r q _0 i r q _1 nss_config ns s _da t a s ck mo si m is o figure 48: uc con n ecti o ns in packet m o de note that de p endi n g upon t he appl i c ati o n, some u c conn e ctio n s m ay not be ne e ded: ? irq_0: if no n e of the relevant irq s o urc e s are u s e d. in this case, leave floating. ? irq_1 : if no n e of the relevant irq s o urc e s are u s e d. in this case, leave floating. ? miso: if no read reg i ster acc e ss i s n e eded a nd the module i s u s ed in tx mode o nly. in this c a se, pull u p to vdd throu g h a 1 0 0 k ? r e s i s t or. in addition, data pin (un u sed in p acket mode) sh o u l d be pull e d - u p to vdd thr o ugh a 1 0 0 k ? res i s t or. please refer t o table 13 for the RFM64B ? s pin config ur ation. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 56 of 75 rf m 64 b tx rx de scription mcpa r a m data_ m od e_ x x x defi n e s data o perat i on m o de ( ? packet) fif o_ size x x d e fin e s fifo s ize f ifo_thresh x x defi n e s f i f o thres h old i rqparam rx_stb y _ irq_0 x defines irq_0 source in rx & stby modes rx_stb y _ irq_1 x defines irq_1 source in rx & stby modes t x _irq _ 1 x defi n es irq_1 source in t x mode t x _start_irq _ 0 x defi n e s t x start conditi o n a n d irq_0 source rxpa r am s y n c _si z e x x defi n e s s y nc w o rd si z e s y n c _tol x defi n es the er r or toler a nce o n s y nc w o r d de t ection syncp a ram s y n c _v a lue x x defi n e s s y nc w o rd v a lue pktparam manc h ester_ o n x x ena b les m a nc hester en c o d i n g/dec o d i ng p a yl o ad _ l e ng t h x (1) x le n gth in f i x e d format, max r x length i n var ia b le format no d e_ a drs x defi n es n o de a ddress for r x a ddress filte r ing pkt_format x x defi n es packet format (fixed o r variab l e l e ng t h) pream b le_ s ize x defi n e s the si z e of pream b le t o be transmitt e d w h iten i ng _ on x x ena b les w h ite n ing/ d e - w h ite n i n g process crc _ on x x ena b les c r c calcu l ati o n/ch e ck adrs_filt x ena b les a nd d e fines a dd r ess filteri n g crc _ auto c lr x ena b les fifo autoc l ear if c r c fail e d fif o_st b y_ac ce ss x x defi n es fifo a ccess in st b y mode 5.5.9. packet mode example ? c onfigure all data p r o c e ss i ng related r e gi s ters l isted below appropriately. in this example w e as s ume crc is enab l ed with autoc l ear o n. table 25: re l ev a nt confi g uration reg i sters in p a cket mode ( d ata pr o c e ss i ng r e lated on l y) (1) fixed format only tx mod e : ? program tx start co n dit ion and ir q s : start tx wh e n fifo not e m pty (tx_star t _irq _ 0=1) an d irq_1 m a p ped to tx_done (tx_irq _ 1=1) ? go to stby mode ? write all pay l oad bytes in t o fifo (fifo _ stby_ a ccess=0, stby interrupts can be u s ed if ne e de d ) ? go to tx mode. when tx is ready ( a ut o mati c a lly ha n dled) tx st a r t s (tx _ start_ ir q_ 0 =1). ? wait for tx_ d one interr u pt (+1 bit p e ri od ) ? go to sleep mode rx mod e : ? program rx/stby interrup t s: irq _ 0 m a pped to /fif o empty (rx _ s t by_irq _ 0=10) and irq_1 mapp e d to crc_ o k (rx _ stby_ir q _1=00) ? go to rx (no t e that rx is not ready im m ediately, see s e ction 7.3.1 ? wait for crc_ok interrupt ? go to stby ? re a d paylo a d bytes from fifo until / f ifoempty go e s low. (fifo _ st by _acc e ss =1) ? go to sleep mode 5.5.10. additional information if the number of bytes filled for transm i ss i on i s grea t er than the actual length of the packet to be t r ansmi t ted and tx_start_ i rq _ 0 = 1, th e n t he fifo i s c l ear e d aft e r t he p acket h a s b een tr a nsmitted. th u s the extra bytes i n the t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 57 of 75 rf m 64 b fifo are l o st. on the oth e r ha n d if tx _ s tart_ i rq _ 0 = 0 t hen the extra bytes are kept into t h e fifo. this o pe n s up the possibility of transmitti n g more th a n one p a cket b y filling the fifo with mult i ple p a cket messa g es. it is not possible to recei v e multiple packets. once a packet has been received and filled into the fi f o al l i t s cont e nt nee d s to be r e ad i.e. the fifo must be e m pty for a new p acket r e cept i on to be initi a ted. the payl o a d _re a dy int e rrupt g o es high w h en t h e l a st pay l oad byte is availab l e in the fifo and re m ains high until all its data are read. simil a r behavi o r is appl i c able to adrs_match and crc_ok interr u pts. the crc r e sult is availab l e in the crc_stat u s bit as soon as the crc _ s u cc e ssful a nd p a yload_ready i nterrupt so u rces a re t rigg e r e d. in rx mode, crc_stat u s is c l eared wh e n the comp le te payload h as b e en r e a d from the fifo. if the payload is re a d in stby mode, then crc_stat u s is cl e ared w h en t h e us e r g o es b ack to rx m o de and a new sync w o rd is det e c te d . the fifo_fill _ method a n d fifo_fill bits don?t have any meaning in t he packet m o de and shou l d be set to the ir default values o nly. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 58 of 75 rf m 64 b 6. configuration and status registers 6.1. general description table 26 su m s - u p the c o ntrol and stat u s reg i sters of the RFM64B : table 26: r e gisters l i st na me size a d dr e ss de scription mcparam 13 x 8 0 - 11 main p a ramet e rs c ommon to transmit a n d r e ceive m o des irqparam 3 x 8 12 - 15 interrupt regis t ers rx p a ram 6 x 8 16 - 21 recei v er pa ra meters syncpa r am 4 x 8 22 C 25 pattern t x param 1 x 8 26 t ransmitter parameters oscparam 1 x 8 27 c r y st a l osci l la t or para m eters pk t param 4 x 8 28 - 30 packet ha n d l er parameters 6.2. main configuration register - m c param the detail e d descr i ption of the mcpar a m reg i ster is given in tab l e 2 7 . table 27: mc param reg i ster d e scr i pti o n na me b i ts a d dr e ss (d) rw de scription module _m o de 7 - 5 0 r / w t ransceiver mode: 00 0 sl e ep m ode - sl e ep 00 1 stand - b y mo d e - st b y ( d ) 01 0 freq u e nc y s y nt h e sizer mode - fs 01 1 rec e ive mode - r x 10 0 transmit mode - t x f req_ b a n d 4 - 2 0 r / w frequen c y b an d : 00 0 - > 3 0 0 - 33 0 mhz 00 1 - > 3 2 0 - 35 0 mhz 01 0 - > 3 5 0 - 39 0 mhz 01 1 - > 3 9 0 - 43 0 mhz 10 0 - > 430 - 470 mhz (d) 10 1 - > 4 7 0 - 51 0 mhz sub b b a nd 1 - 0 0 r / w f requ e n c y s u b - ba n d: 00 - > 1st quarter of the selec t ed b a nd (d) 01 - > 2nd q uar t er of the selec t ed b a nd 10 - > 3rd quar t er of the selec t ed b a nd 11 - > 4th quar t er of the selec t ed b a nd data_ m ode 7 - 6 1 r / w data o p erat i o n mode: 00 - > contin uo u s mode (d) 01 - > buffered mode 1x - > pac k et han d li n g mo d e fsk_ook_ctrl 5 - 4 1 r / w rx t x mo d u l a t i on sche m e: 00 - > reset 01 - > ook 10 - > fsk (d) 1 1 - > direct mode of transmi t ter (intern a l). reserv e d ( e xte r nal) t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 59 of 75 rf m 64 b ook_thresh_ t y p e 3 - 2 1 r / w ook demodu l ator thresh o ld t y p e: 0 0 - > fixed thr e sho l d mode 0 1 - > peak m o de (d) 1 0 - > aver a ge mode 1 1 - > reserved if_gain 1 - 0 1 r / w gain on t h e if cha i n: 0 0 - > maximal gain (0db) (d) 0 1 - > - 4.5 db 1 0 - > - 9db 1 1 - > - 13.5 db freq_ d ev 7 - 0 2 r / w sin g le si d e frequ e n c y de v iat i on in f sk t ransmit mode: refer to sections 3.3.4 a n d 3.3.5 fdev = f xtal , 0 d 255, w h ere d is the value i n the register. 32 ? ? (d): d = 00000011 => fdev = 100 khz br_c 7 - 0 3 r / w c coefficient of the bit rate bit rate = f xtal , 0 c 255, w he r e c is the val u e in the re g ist e r. 2 ? (c ? 1) * (d ? 1) (d): c = 0 000111 => bit rate = 25 kb/s nrz br_d 7 - 0 4 r / w d coefficient of the bit rate bit rate = f xtal , 15 d 255, w he re d is the val u e in the re g ist e r. 2 ? (c ? 1) * (d ? 1) (d): d = 0001111 => bit rate = 25 kb/s nrz pa_ramp 7 - 6 5 r / w ramp c ontrol of the ri s e a n d fall times of t he t x pa r e g u lator o u tput v o l tage i n ook mode: 0 0 => 3us 0 1 => 8.5 us 1 0 => 15 us 1 1 => 23 us (d) l o w _ p o w er _ rx 5 5 r / w ena b les the lo w p o w e r mode of the receiver b y r e du c ing t h e bias cur r ent of the ln a. 0 - > l o w p o w e r mode di s ab le d (d) 1 - > l o w p o w e r mode e n a b l e d t rim_band 2 - 1 5 r / w vco trimming: (d) 11 rf_freq u en c y 0 5 r / w select i on b e t w een the t w o rf frequen c ies d e fin e d b y t he s y n t hri, s y nt h pi, and s y nth s i registers: 0 - > frequen c y 1 f or r1,p1,s1 (d) 1 - > frequen c y 2 for r2,p2,s2 r1 7 - 0 6 r / w r counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=0 (d):6bh; def a u l t values of r1, p1, s1 ge n era t e 434.0 mhz i n fsk mode p1 7 - 0 7 r / w p counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=0 (d): 2ah; defa u lt values of r 1, p1, s1 gene ra te 434.0 mhz i n f sk mode s1 7 - 0 8 r / w s counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=0 (d): 1eh; defa u lt values of r1, p1, s1 gene ra te 434.0 mhz i n f sk mode r2 7 - 0 9 r / w r counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=1 (d): 77h; def a u l t values of r2, p 2, s2 ge n era t e 435.0 mhz i n fsk mode p2 7 - 0 10 r / w p counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=1 (d): 2fh; defau l t values of r2, p2, s2 ge n era t e 435.0 mhz i n fsk mode s2 7 - 0 11 r / w s counter, act i ve w he n rps _ select=1 (d): 19h; def a u l t values of r2, p2, s2 ge n era t e 435.0 mhz i n fsk mode res 2 - 0 12 r / w reser v ed (d):000 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 60 of 75 rf m 64 b 6.3. interrupt configuration parameters - irqparam the detail e d descr i ption of the irqpar a m reg i ster is given in tab l e 2 8 . table 28: irqparam reg i ster d e script i on na me b i ts a d dr e ss (d) rw de scription fifo_size 7 - 6 12 r / w conf i gures t h e size of the fifo: 00 - > 16 b y t e s (d) 01 - > 32 b y t es 10 - > 48 b y t es 11 - > 64 b y t es fifo_thresh 5 - 0 12 r / w number of b y t e s to be w ritten in the fifo to activate the fifo_thres h o ld interr u pts actual nu m ber of b y tes = b + 1, w h e r e b is the va l ue i n the register. (d): b = 0011 1 1 = > number o f b y tes = 16 rx_st b y _ irq _ 0 7 - 6 13 r / w irq_0 source i n rx and st an d b y mo d e s: if data_mode ( 1:0) = 00 (con t in u ous mo d e ): 0 0 => s yn c ( d ) 0 1 => rssi 1 0 => s yn c 1 1 => s yn c if data_mode ( 1:0) = 01 (buffered m o de): 0 0 => - (d) 0 1 => w rite_ b yte 1 0 => /fifoempty* 1 1 s yn c if data_mode ( 1:0) = 1x (pac k e t mode): 0 0 => pa y lo a d_r ea d y ( d ) 0 1 => w rite_ b yte 1 0 => /fifoempty* 1 1 => s y nc or adrs_match (t h e latter if add re ss filtering is e na b led) *al s o ava i l a ble in stan db y mo de (cf sections 5.4.4 and 5.5 . 7) rx_st b y _ irq _ 1 5 - 4 13 r / w irq_1 source i n rx and st an d b y mo d e s: if data_mode ( 1:0) = 00 (con t i n u ous mo d e ): xx => dclk if data_mode ( 1:0) = 01 (buffered m o de): 0 0 => - (d) 0 1 => fifofull* 1 0 => rssi 1 1 => f ifo_thr e sho l d* if data_mode ( 1:0) = 1x (pac k e t mode): 0 0 => crc _ ok (d) 0 1 => fifofull* 1 0 => rssi 1 1 => f ifo_thr e sho l d* *al s o ava i l a ble in stan db y mo de (cf sections 5.4.4 and 5.5 . 7) t x _start_irq _ 0 3 13 r / w t x start condition a n d irq_0 source: 0 => start tra n smission w h en the num b e r o f b y tes in fifo is gr e a ter t han o r eq u al to t h e thres h old s e t b y m cpara m_ fifo_thresh p a rameter (cf s e cti o n 5.2.2. 3 ), irq_0 map p ed to f i fo_thres h o l d ( d ) 1 => t x starts if fifo is not emp t y , irq_0 m ap p ed to /fifo e mp t y t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 61 of 75 rf m 64 b t x _irq _ 1 2 13 r / w irq_1 source i n t x mode: if data_mode ( 1:0) = 00 (con t in u ous mo d e ): x => dclk if data_mode ( 1:0) = 01 (buf fered m o de) or 1x ( p acket m o de): 0 => fifofull (d) 1 => t x_ d one fifofull 1 13 r fifofull irq source goes high w hen fifo is full. / f ifoemp t y 0 13 r /fifoemp t y irq source goes l o w w he n fifo is empty fifo_fil l _meth o d 7 14 r / w fifo filling me t ho d (buffer e d mode o n l y ): 0 => automati c a l l y starts w he n a s y nc w o rd i s detected (d) 1 => manu a l l y contro l led b y f i fo_fill fifo_fill 6 14 r / w / c fifo filling sta t us/control (buf f e red m o de o n l y ): ? if fifo_fill_method = ?0?: ( d ) goes hi g h w he n fif o is being fill e d ( s ync w ord has b e e n d etected) w riting ?1? c l e a rs the bit and w a its for a n e w s y nc w o rd (if f ifo_o v erru n _ clr = 0) ? if fifo_fill_method = ?1?: 0 => stop filli n g the fifo 1 => start filling the fifo t x _do n e 5 14 r t x _do n e irq source goes h i g h w he n the last bit h a s left the shift register. fifo_over r un_ c lr 4 13 r / w / c goes hi g h w he n an over r un e r ror occurr e d. w riting a 1 a n ytime clears fl a g (if set) and la u n ches a n e w r x or t x proce s s res 3 14 r / w (d): 0, should be set to 1. not e: 0 di s a b les the r s si irq source. it can b e left e na b l e d at a n y ti m e , a n d the user can c hoo s e to map this inter r upt to irq0/irq1 or not. rssi_irq 2 14 r / w / c rssi irq source: goes hi g h w he n a sig n al a bo v e rssi_ir q _th r esh is detec t e d w riting ?1? c l e a rs the bit pll _ lock e d 1 14 r / w / c pll status: 0 => not locked 1 => locked writing a ? 1 ? cl e a rs the bit pll _ lock _ en 0 14 r / w pll _ lock d e t e ct flag mapp e d to pin : 0 => lock det e ct disab l ed, p i n is hi 1 => lock det e ct enab l ed ( d) rssi_ir q _thre s h 7 - 0 15 rssi thresho l d for interrupt (cod e d as rssi) (d): 000 0 0 0 0 0 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 62 of 75 rf m 64 b 6.4. receiver configuration parameters - rxparam the detail e d descr i ption of the rxpar a m reg i ster is given in tab l e 2 9 . table 29: r x param reg i ster d e scr i pti o n na me b i ts a d dres s (d) rw de scription passivefilt 7 - 4 16 r / w t y pi c al s i ng l e sid e ba n d b a n d w i dth of the pa ssive l o w - pass filter. passivefilt = 0000 => 65 khz 0001 => 82 khz 0010 => 109 k hz 0011 => 137 k hz 0100 => 157 k hz 0101 => 184 k hz 0110 => 211 k hz 0111 => 234 k hz 1000 => 262 k hz 1001 => 321 k hz 1010 => 378 k hz (d) 1011 => 414 k hz 1100 => 458 k hz 1101 => 514 k hz 1110 => 676 k hz 1111 => 987 k hz butterfilt 3 - 0 16 r / w sets the receiver ban d w idth. for bw information p l ease re fer to sections 3.4 . 5 (fsk) and 3.4.6 (ook). f ? f ? 20 0 kh z . f xtal mhz . 1 ? va l ( butterfil t ) c 0 1 2 . 8 mhz 8 (d): 0011 => f c = 200 khz po l y pfil t _cen t er 7 - 4 17 r / w centr a l frequ e n c y of the po l ypha s e filter (1 0 0khz recom me nd e d): f ? 20 0 khz . f xtal mhz . 1 ? val ( polypfilt _ cente r ) 0 1 2 . 8 mhz 8 (d):0011 => f 0 = 100 khz res 3 - 0 17 r / w reser v ed (d): 1000 po l y p f il t _on 7 18 r / w ena b le of the p o l y p hase fil t er, in ook rx m o de: 0 => off (d) 1 => on bit s y n c _off 6 18 r / w bit s y n c hro n iz e r: control in c o ntin u ous r x m ode: 0 => on (d) 1 => off s y n c _ o n 5 18 r / w s y nc w o rd re c og n ition: 0 => off (d) 1 => on s y n c _si z e 4 - 3 18 r / w s y nc w o rd size: 0 0 => 8 bits 0 1 => 16 bits 1 0 => 24 bits 1 1 => 32 bits ( d ) s y n c _tol 2 - 1 18 r / w num b er of err o rs tolerated i n the s y nc w o r d reco g n iti o n: 0 0 => 0 error (d) 0 1 => 1 error 1 0 => 2 errors 1 1 => 3 errors res 0 18 r / w reser v ed (d):0 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 63 of 75 rf m 64 b na me b i ts a d dres s (d) rw de scription ook _ t hresh 7 - 0 19 r / w ook fixed thr e sho l d or min t h resh o l d in p eak mode. b y d e f a ult at 6db. (d): 00000 1 0 0 assuming 0. 5 d b rssi step. rssi_val 7 - 0 20 r rssi output, 0.5 db / bit note: read - o nly (not to be w r itten) ook_thresh_ s tep 7 - 5 21 r / w size of each d ecrem e nt of the rssi thresh o ld in the ook dem o du l ator 00 0 => 0.5 db ( d ) 100 => 3.0 db 00 1 => 1.0 db 101 => 4.0 db 01 0 => 1.5 db 110 => 5.0 db 01 1 => 2.0 db 111 => 6.0 db ook_thresh _d ec _pe r iod 4 - 2 21 r / w peri o d of decr e ment of the rssi threshold i n the ook demodu l ator: 00 0 => on c e in each c h ip p e ri o d (d) 00 1 => on c e in 2 chip p eri o ds 01 0 => on c e in 4 chip p eri o ds 01 1 => on c e in 8 chip p eri o ds 10 0 => t w ice i n each c h ip p e ri o d 10 1 => 4 times in ea c h ch i p p e riod 11 0 => 8 times in ea c h ch i p p e riod 11 1 => 16 tim e s in each c h ip per i od oo k_avg_th re sh _cutoff 1 - 0 21 r / w cutoff frequ enc y of the a v era g ing for t h e aver a ge m ode of the o ok thresh o ld in d e mod u lator 0 0 => f c br / 8. (d) 0 1 => reser v ed 1 0 => reser v ed 1 1 => f c br / 32. 6.5. s y nc word parameters - syncparam the detail e d descr i ption of the syncp a ram r e gist e r i s given in table 3 0 . table 30: syncp a ram r e gister d e scri pt ion na me b i ts a d dres s (d) rw de s cription s y n c _v a lue ( 3 1 :24) 7 - 0 22 r / w 1 st b y te of s y nc w ord (d): 000 0 0 0 0 0 s y n c _v a lue ( 2 3 :16) 7 - 0 23 2 nd b y te of s y n c w o r d (o nl y u s ed if s y nc_si z e 00) (d): 000 0 0 0 0 0 s y n c _v a lue ( 1 5 :8) 7 - 0 24 3 rd b y te of s y n c w o r d (o nl y u s ed if s y nc_si z e = 1x) (d): 000 0 0 0 0 0 s y n c _v a lue ( 7:0) 7 - 0 25 4 th b y te of s y n c w o r d (o nl y u s ed if s y nc_si z e = 11) (d): 000 0 0 0 0 0 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 64 of 75 rf m 64 b 6.6. transmitter parameters - txparam the detail e d descr i ption of the txpar a m reg i ster is given in tab l e 3 1 . table 31: t x param reg i ster d e scr i p ti o n na me b i ts a d dres s (d) rw de scription interpfilt 7 - 4 26 r / w t x interpolati o n filter cut off freq u en c y: fc ? 20 0 kh z . f xtal mhz . 1 ? va l ( interpfil t t x ) 1 2 . 8 mhz 8 (d): 0111 => f c = 200 khz pout 3 - 1 26 r / w t x output p o w e r (1 step 3 d b): 00 0 => 12.5 d b m 00 1 => 12.5 d b m - 1 step (d) 01 0 => 12.5 d b m C 2 steps 01 1 => 12.5 d b m C 3 steps 10 0 => 12.5 d b m C 4 steps 10 1 => 12.5 d b m C 5 steps 11 0 => 12.5 d b m C 6 steps 11 1 => 12.5 d b m C 7 steps t x _zero _ if 0 26 r / w set the transm i tter in zero - if a r chitecture i n tx mode 0 - > normal o p erati o n (d) 1 - > zero - if ope r ation (first if is set to zero and frequen c y d e v i ation is n o t u sed) 6.7. oscillat o r parameters - oscparam the detail e d descr i ption of the oscparam reg i ster i s given in tab l e 3 2 . table 32: o s cparam r eg i ster d e script i on na me b i ts a d dr e ss (d) rw de scription clkou t _on 7 27 r / w clkout c o ntrol 0 => disab l ed 1 => enab l ed, clk freq u en c y set b y cl k out_ f req (d) clkou t _freq 6 - 2 27 r / w frequ e n c y of the si g nal prov i ded o n clko ut : fclkout ? f xtal if clkout_freq = 00000 f xtal fclkout ? othe r w i s e 2 ? clkout _ freq (d): 011 1 1 (= 427 khz) res 1 - 0 27 r / w reser v ed (d): 0 0 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 65 of 75 rf m 64 b 6.8. packet handling parameters C pktparam the detail e d descr i ption of the pktpar a m reg i ster is given in tab l e 3 3 . table 33: pktparam reg i ster d e script i on na me b i ts a d dr e ss (d) rw de scription manc h ester_ o n 7 28 r / w ena b le m a nc h e ster enc o d i n g /d eco d i n g: 0 => off (d) 1 => on p a yl o ad _ l e ng t h 6 - 0 28 r / w if pkt_format= 0 , p a ylo a d l e ng t h. if pkt_format= 1 , max length in r x , not used in t x . (d): 000 0 0 0 0 no d e_ a drs 7 - 0 29 r / w no d e ?s lo c a l a ddress for filte r ing of rec e iv e d packets. (d): 00h pkt_format 7 30 r / w packet format: 0 => fi x e d length (d) 1 => varia b le l e ngth pream b le_ s ize 6 - 5 30 r / w size of t he pr e a mb l e to be tr a n smitted: 0 0 => 1 b y t e 0 1 => 2 b y t e s 1 0 => 3 b y t e s (d) 1 1 => 4 b y t e s w h iten i ng _ on 4 30 r / w w h iten i ng/ d e w hite n ing proce s s: 0 => off (d ) 1 => on crc_on 3 30 r / w crc cal c u l ati o n/check: 0 => off 1 => on (d) adrs_filt 2 - 1 30 r / w address filte r i n g of received p a ckets: 0 0 => off (d) 0 1 => nod e _ a drs accept e d, else r e jected. 1 0 => nod e _ a drs & 0x00 ac c epted, el s e re j e cted. 1 1 => nod e _ a drs & 0x00 & 0 x ff accept e d , else r e jected. crc_sta t us 0 30 r crc check r e s u lt for current p a cket (read only): 0 => fail 1 => pass crc _ auto c lr 7 31 r / w fifo auto cle a r if crc fail e d for current pac k e t: 0 => on (d) 1 => off f ifo_st b y_ac ce ss 6 31 r / w f i f o access in stand b y mo de : 0 => write (d) 1 => re a d res 5 - 0 31 r / w reser v ed (d): 000 0 00 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 66 of 75 rf m 64 b 7. application information 7.1. cr y stal resonator specification table 34 shows the cr y s tal resonator specif i c ation f or the crystal reference oscillator c i rcuit of the rf m64b . th i s sp e c ification covers the fu l l ran g e of o p eration of the RFM64B a nd is emp l oyed i n the ref e r en c e d es i gn (s e e s e ction 7.5.3). table 34: crystal r e s o nat o r specif i c ati o n na me de scription m i n. t y p. max. u n i t f x tal nomi n a l fre q u e n c y 9 12.8 0 0 15 mhz clo a d lo a d ca p a cita n ce for f x tal 13.5 15 16.5 pf rm motio n al resis t ance - - 100 ohms co shunt ca p a cit a nce 1 - 7 pf ? f x t a l cal i brat i on to le rance at 25+/ - 3 c - 15 - +15 ppm ? f x t a l( ? t) stabi l i t y o v er tempe r ature r a nge [ - 40 c ; +85c] - 20 - +20 ppm ? f x t a l( ? t) age i ng to l e ra n ce in first 5 y ea rs - 2 - + 2 ppm / y ear note that t h e initial fre q ue n cy toler a nce, tem p er a ture st a bility and a g eing perf o rma n ce s h ould b e ch o s e n in accorda n ce with the targ e t operating t e mpera t ure r a nge a n d the receiv e r ba nd width sel e ct e d. 7.2. software for frequency calculation the r1, p1, s1, and r2, p2, s2 divid e rs a r e c o nfig u r ed ov e r the spi int erface and p ro g ra m med by 8 bi t s each, at address e s 6 to 11. the fr e que n cy pairs may hence b e swi t ch e d in a sing l e spi cycle. 7.2.1. gui to aid the u s er with calculating ap p r o priate r, p a nd s val u es, software is available to perf o rm the freq u e n cy ca l c ula ti o n. 7.2.2. .dll for automatic production bench the dyn a mically linked l i br a ry (d l l) u s ed by the software to p e rform th e s e calcu l atio n s is also p rovid ed , free of ch a rge, to users, for i n cl us ion in autom a tic pro d ucti o n testing. key benefits of th i s are: ? no h and tri m ming of t h e r e fere n c e f req u ency re q uir ed : the act u al r e fere n c e f req u ency of t h e device un d er test (dut) can b e easily me a s ured (e . g. from the cl k out out p ut of the RFM64B ) and the t o ol will ca l c ul a te the best fr e que n cies to c o mp e nsate f o r the c r y s tal initial error. ? ch a nnel p l a n s c a n be ca l c ulat e d and stor e d in the application ? s memory, th e n adapt e d to the actual crystal oscillator frequency. 7.3. switching times and procedures as an ultr a - low p o w e r d e vice, the RFM64B can be config u red f or low mini m um avera g e power co n s u mption. to minimize c on s umpti o n the followi n g optimi z ed tra n sitions b etw e en mod e s are s h own. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 67 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.3.1. optimized receive cycle the lowes t - p ow e r rx cyc l e is the following: RFM64B idd iddr 3.0 m a t y p. i d d f s 1 .3 m a t y p. idd s t 65 u a t y p. idd s l 1 00 n a t y p. rx t i m e RFM64B c an be p ut in a n y o t h e r m ode t i m e w a i t ts re r ec e i ver i s rea d y : - r s si s a m pl i ng i s v a l i d a f t e r a 1 /f d ev per i od - re c ei v ed da t a i s v a lid w a i t ts f s set RFM64B i n r x m o d e w a i t f or re c eiver s e t t l ing w a i t ts os s et RFM64B i n f s m o d e w ait f or p l l s et t li n g s et RFM64B i n s ta n d b y m ode w ait f or x o s ettl i ng figure 49: o p ti m ized rx cyc l e note: if the lock det e c t i n dicat o r is av a ilable on an external int e rrupt pin of the co m pan i on uc, it c a n b e used to optimize ts _ fs, without having to w a it the maximum sp e c ified ts _ fs. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 68 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.3.2. optimized transmit cycle RFM64B i d d id d t 16ma t y p. @ 1 d b m id d fs 1.3ma typ. id d st 65ua ty p . id d sl 1 0 0na typ. tx ti me RFM64B c a n b e p u t i n a ny ot her m o de t i me w a i t ts tr d a ta t r a n sm i ss io n can s t a rt in c o n t i n u o u s a n d buffe red mod e s w ai t ts fs s e t RFM64B i n t x mode packet m o de st a r t s its op e r a t i on w ai t ts o s set RFM64B in fs m o de w ait for pll settl i ng set RFM64B in sta n dby m o de wa i t for xo settl i ng figure 50: o p ti m ized tx cycle note: as stated in the p r e c ed i ng secti o n, ts_fs time c a n be im p roved by u s i n g the exter na l lock det e c t o r pin a s external int e rrupt trigg e r. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 69 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.3.3. transmitter frequ e ncy hop optimized c y cle RFM64B idd i d dt 16 m a t y p. @ 1 d b m id d fs 1.3 m a t y p. w a i t t s tr RFM64B is no w r e a d y f or data tran s m i ss i on t i m e w a i t t s h o p s et RFM64B b a c k in t x m o de RFM64B is in t x m ode o n c han n el 1 ( r 1 / p 1 / s 1) 1. set r2 /p2/ s 2 2. set RFM64B in fs m ode, c han g e mc p ara m _band i f nee d ed, then s wit c h f r o m r 1/ p 1/ s 1 to r2 / p 2 / s 2 figure 51: tx hop cycle t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 70 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.3.4. receiver f requency hop optimized c y cle RFM64B idd i d dr 3 m a t y p id d fs 1.3 m a t y p. w a i t t s re RFM64B is no w r e a d y f or data re c ep t i o n t i m e w a i t t s h o p s et RFM64B b a c k in rx m o de RFM64B is in rx m ode o n c han n el 1 ( r 1 / p 1 / s 1) 1. set r2 /p2/ s 2 2. set RFM64B in fs m ode, c han g e mc p ara m _band i f nee d ed, then s wit c h f r o m r 1/ p 1/ s 1 to r2 / p 2 / s 2 figure 52: rx hop cycle note: it is also possib l e to move from o ne c h an n el to the other o ne with o ut h a ving to switch off the rec e iver. this method is f a ster, and overall dr a ws m ore curr e nt. for ti ming infor m ation, ple a se refer to ts _r e_hop on table 8 . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 71 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.3.5. rx => tx and t x => rx jump cycles RFM64B i d d id d t 16 m a t y p. @ 1 dbm id d r 3.0 m a t y p. t i m e w a i t t s re RFM64B i s r e a d y to re c e i v e d a ta w a i t t s tr s et RFM64B i n rx m ode RFM64B is no w r e a d y f or data t r an s m i s sion RFM64B i s i n rx m o d e s et RFM64B i n t x m ode figure 53: rx => tx => rx c y cle t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 72 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.4. reset of the chip a power - on reset of the RFM64B i s tr ig ger e d at p o wer u p. a dditi o nally, a m a n u al r e set c a n b e issu e d by controlli n g pin 13. 7.4.1. por if the applic at ion requ i r e s the discon ne c tion of vdd from the RFM64B , d e spite of the extr e mely low sleep mode curr e nt, the user sh o uld wait for 10 ms from of the end of the por cyc l e before com m e n ci n g com m un i c a tions over the spi bus. pin 13 (tes t 8) s h ould b e left floating during the p o r se q ue n ce. vdd pi n 13 ( output) undefined w ai t f o r 10 m s c hip i s re a dy from this po i nt o n figure 54: por ti m ing d i agram please n ote that any c l k out a c tivity can a l so b e u s ed to det e c t that the chip i s re a dy. 7.4.2. manual reset a manual r e set of the RFM64B i s p o ssi b le even f o r a pplica t io n s in wh i c h v dd ca n not be p h ysically d i sc o nn e cted. pin 13 shou l d be pulled h igh for a hu n dred m i cros e c o n ds, and t h en rel e ased. the user sh o uld then wait for 5 ms before u s i n g the ch i p. figure 55: manual r e set ti m ing diagram please n ote that while p i n 13 is d riven high, an over cur r ent co ns umption of u p to ten milliamps can be seen o n vdd. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 73 of 75 rf m 64 b 7.5. reference design it is r e com m end e d that t h is ref e r e nce des i gn is repl i c ated i n the final appl i c ation b oard to g u ar a ntee optimum performa n c e . 7.5.1. application schematic figure 5 6 : application schema tic t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 74 of 75 rf m 64 b 8. packaging information figure 5 7 : s2 packaging dimensions t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
ad v anc e d communications & sensing page 75 of 75 rf m 64 b 9 . order ing information part number=module type mode type p/n: RFM64B - 433 s2 RFM64B module at 433mhz band ,smd package hope microelectronics co.,ltd add: 2/f, building 3, pingshan private enterprise science and technology park, li shan road, xili town, nanshan district, shenzhen, guangdong, china tel: 86 - 755 - 82973805 fax: 86 - 755 - 82973550 email: sales@hoperf.com website: http://www.hoperf.com http://www.hoperf.cn this document may contain preliminary information and is subject to change by hope microelectronics without notice. hope microelectronics assumes no responsibility or liability for any use o f the information contained herein. nothing in this document shall operate as an express or implied license or indemnity under the intellectual property rights of hope microelectronics or third parties. the products described in this document are not inten ded for use in implantation or other direct life support applications where malfunction may result in the direct physical harm or injury to persons. no warranties of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of mechantability or fitne ss for a articular purpose, are offered in this document. ?2006, hope microelectronics co.,ltd. all rights reserved. package operation band t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///

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